Namasté

24/09/07, Jürgen Kremb, Barefoot Against the Junta, Source.
25/09/07, Myanmar Imposes Curfew, Bans Assembly, Source.
26/09/07, Aung Hla Tun, At least one dead as Myanmar cracks down on protests, Source.
29/09/07, Seth Mydans, The Monks Are Cut Off, and Burmese Clashes Ebb, Source.
29/09/07, Editorial, See No Evil, Speak No Truth, Source.


24/09/07, Jürgen Kremb, Barefoot Against the Junta, (Back).

BAREFOOT AGAINST THE JUNTA
Buddhist Monks Lead Myanmar Protests
By Jürgen Kremb

Thousands of Buddhist monks are leading massive protests through the streets of Yangon, Myanmar's biggest city. They carry no weapons and wear only their saffron-colored robes, but their most powerful weapon is the reverence in which they are held throughout the country.

Their heads are shaven and they march barefoot and silent, dressed in dark saffron-colored robes. The city of Yangon (formerly Rangoon) seems to be dominated by the Buddhist monks these days. They have been marching repeatedly through the streets of Myanmar's biggest city for a week -- and their marches are getting bigger by the day.

The population has begun openly showing its support too. Tens of thousands of people have reportedly joined the march of the monks. Other spectators form human chains or simply applaud. Brave-hearted monks are holding passionate speeches by Sule Pagoda in downtown Yangon. They speak of the suffering and the desperate poverty of Myanmar's 50 million inhabitants -- and call for the overthrow of the junta that seized power in Myanmar (formerly known as Burma) in 1962. The regime's policies have effectively laid waste to what was once Southeast Asia's richest country.

By night the junta has been demonstrating its full might. Military trucks have been patrolling the streets of Yangon after nightfall, with heavily armed marines equipped with assault rifles standing on the bed of each truck. They are guarding every strategic location in this city of five million.

Uniformed officers and plain-clothes intelligence agents have formed an especially tight cordon around Shwedagon Pagoda. The country's most important sacred site -- a tower 98 meters (322 feet) high and adorned with 1,100 diamonds, more than 1,300 precious stones and 13,153 gold plates -- has great symbolic value. It was from here that democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi, the Nobel Peace laureate currently under house arrest, once led another mass movement for the overthrow of the junta. That first attempt at protest ended on Sept. 19, 1988, when the soldiers of the regime simply mowed down thousands of peaceful demonstrators. The coming days will tell whether or not there will be a repeat of those grim scenes.

Will The Protests Be Crushed?

What is certain is that the regime, which ironically calls itself the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), will not relinquish its power peacefully. Naypyidaw -- the new administrative capital, in the highlands 322 kilometers (200 miles) away from Yangon -- already issued orders to soldiers and intelligence agents on Sept. 8 to end the protests forcefully if necessary. In Myanmar's second-largest city of Mandalay, the regime's henchmen have even distributed machetes to the Union Solidarity and Development Association -- a band of thugs that takes care of the junta's dirty work in times of crisis. The evacuation of hospitals in Yangon is another sign that the junta intends to crush the demonstrations soon.

But that will likely not be so easy this time. The opposition movement has learned from the long period of repression it has suffered under the junta. Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) party is still the driving force behind the movement. On Saturday the marches passed ther house where she is being detained, and she greeted them at the gates. Her first public appearance in four years.

The NLD won about 80 percent of the seats in parliament during elections in May of 1990, but the military prevented it from taking power. Student leaders from the bloodily repressed popular uprisings of 1988 who have since been released from prison regrouped this spring, forming the underground movement "Generation 88."

And it seems the people's patience is at an end. The junta is making billions out of the country's natural resources and living in the lap of luxury even as galloping inflation causes severe poverty for most of the population. A third of all children in Myanmar suffer from malnutrition.

When the junta sharply raised fuel prices by as much as 500 percent in mid August it seemed a line had been crossed. First, small groups of three, four or five students and dissidents took to the streets. The junta brutally ordered all resistance to be crushed and all protesters to be arrested. But then, in early September, the monks joined the protests -- a decision that is increasingly putting the junta under pressure.

The Junta Fears the Wrath Of the Gods

For not only is Myanmar a profoundly Buddhist country -- the ruling generals are also extremely superstitious. If an overly harsh clampdown of the protests by the security forces were to lead to the death of any monks, the generals would feel they have incurred the wrath of the gods. The monks are fully aware of this strength.

A newly formed underground group, the Young Monks' Union, has for days been calling on citizens in all parts of the country to join their protest. The monks have opted for a clever tactic: Their faith requires them to beg for their daily food every morning. But for days, they have refused to accept alms from members of the military or their relatives. This is one of the movement's most powerful weapons. Such a decision is tantamount to a kind of excommunication in the Buddhist country. The monks apparently want to pressure the lower ranks of the military to break away from the junta leadership.

And the monks are getting increasingly brave. On Saturday, for the first time, more than 10,000 of them took to the streets of Mandalay and by Monday the anti-government protests in Yangon had reportedly swelled to up to 100,000 people. The monks are no longer just asking for a retraction of the fuel price hike. They are calling for the overthrow of the despised junta. Demonstrations have also been announced in other parts of the country.

Does this mean the junta's fate is sealed? Former student leader Aung Zaw, who now publishes the Myanmar exile magazine Irrawaddy in Thailand, has his doubts. "The junta still has plenty of bullets, and it will use them," he said when contacted by telephone. Underground dissidents in Yangon disagree. They say that people still have plenty of hunger and this time they won't back down.


25/09/07, Myanmar Imposes Curfew, Bans Assembly, (Back).

YANGON, Myanmar -- Myanmar's military leaders imposed a nighttime curfew and banned gatherings of more than five people Tuesday after 35,000 Buddhist monks and their supporters defied the junta's warnings and staged another day of anti-government protests.

The country's hard-line military rulers have not used force so far to stop the biggest anti-government demonstrations in nearly two decades, led by the monks. But soldiers in full battle gear were deployed Tuesday in the country's largest city, setting the stage for a showdown with a determined pro-democracy protest movement.

If protesters defy the restrictions and the military responds with force, it could further alienate already isolated Myanmar from the international community. It would almost certainly put pressure on Myanmar's top economic and diplomatic supporter, China, which is keen to burnish its international image before next year's Olympics in Beijing.

If monks who are leading the protests are mistreated, that could outrage the predominantly Buddhist country, where clerics are revered. But if the junta backs down, it risks appearing weak and emboldening protesters, which could escalate the tension.

When faced with a similar crisis in 1988, the government harshly put down a student-led democracy uprising. Security forces fired into crowds of peaceful demonstrators and killed thousands, traumatizing the nation.

Authorities announced the ban on gatherings and a 9 p.m. to 5 a.m. curfew through loudspeakers on vehicles cruising the streets of Yangon, the country's biggest city, and its second city, Mandalay. The announcement said the measures would be in effect for 60 days.

Earlier Tuesday, the army began deploying troops in the heart of Yangon after tens of thousands of people led by barefoot monks in maroon robes defied orders to stay off the streets and marched for the eighth straight day against the junta.

Troops were also seen gathering at a military center in Mandalay and military trucks rumbled through the streets of both cities late into the night, witnesses said.

The potential for a violent crackdown had already aroused international concern, with pleas for the junta to deal peacefully with the situation coming from government and religious leaders worldwide. They included the Dalai Lama and South Africa's Archbishop Desmond Tutu, both Nobel Peace Prize laureates like detained Myanmar opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi.

President Bush announced new U.S. sanctions against Myanmar, formerly known as Burma, accusing the military dictatorship of imposing "a 19-year reign of fear" that denies basic freedoms of speech, assembly and worship.

"Americans are outraged by the situation in Burma," Bush said in an address to the U.N. General Assembly in New York.

Bush said the U.S. would tighten economic sanctions on leaders of the regime and their financial backers, and impose an expanded visa ban on those responsible for human rights violations and their families.

The European Union also threatened to strengthen existing sanctions against the regime if it uses violence to put down the demonstrations.

"We reiterate our call on the authorities in Burma/Myanmar not to use violence against people who are committed to non-violence, and to pursue genuine reconciliation and negotiation," the statement said.

French President Nicolas Sarkozy said he is "extremely preoccupied" with the situation in Myanmar and planned to meet Burmese government opponents in Paris. Britain's Foreign Secretary David Miliband said Suu Kyi should take her place as elected leader of the country.

New York-based Human Rights Watch said Myanmar's allies including China, Thailand, India and Russia, should urge the military government to respond to the peaceful protests without violence.

The protests could bring increased scrutiny on China's close relations with Myanmar. China is the country's major trading partner and Chinese energy companies are investing in exploration of natural gas in Myanmar.

Myanmar has about 19 trillion cubic feet of proven natural gas reserves, only about 0.3 percent of the world's total reserves, according to BP's Statistical Review of World Energy at the end of 2006. Although it doesn't currently export gas to China, its supply could potentially help feed a rapidly growing Chinese economy hungry for energy.

Myanmar's imposition of new restrictions after a week of relative inaction by the military government throws down a challenge to its opponents, testing their mettle when faced with almost certain arrest.

It was not clear what the penalty for defying the curfew would be. But breaking the section of the law restricting gatherings carries a possible jail term of two years.

The new restrictions were announced late at night, and many residents did not seem aware of them.

The current protests began Aug. 19 after the government hiked fuel prices in one of Asia's poorest countries. But they are based in deep-rooted dissatisfaction with the repressive military rule that has gripped the country since 1962.

The protests were faltering when the monks took the lead last week, assuming the role of a moral conscience they played in previous struggles against British colonialism and military dictators.

At least 35,000 Buddhist monks and sympathizers defied official warnings Tuesday and staged another anti-government march.

"The protest is not merely for the well-being of people but also for monks struggling for democracy and for people to have an opportunity to determine their own future," one monk told The Associated Press. "People do not tolerate the military government any longer." He spoke on condition of anonymity for fear of official reprisals.

On Monday, a massive monk-led protest drew as many as 100,000 people in Yangon - the biggest street protest since the failed 1988 uprising.

Authorities in cars cruised Yangon's streets Tuesday morning, announcing the clergy had been directed not to take part in "secular affairs" and saying that certain elements were trying to instigate unrest.

The head of the country's official Buddhist organization, or Sangha, issued a directive Monday ordering monks to stick to learning and propagating the faith, saying young monks were being "compelled by a group of destructive elements within and without to break the law," the state-run New Light of Myanmar newspaper said.

A monk who addressed the crowd at the end of the march vowed the protests would continue until the government apologizes for mistreating monks at an earlier demonstration in northern Myanmar. But the protests are also aimed at pressuring the junta to make moves to restoring democracy.


26/09/07, Aung Hla Tun, At least one dead as Myanmar cracks down on protests, (Back).

YANGON — The Myanmar junta acknowledged Wednesday that its security forces have killed one civilian and wounded three in the suppression of anti-government protests.

The security forces beat and dragged away dozens of Buddhist monks Wednesday in the most violent crackdown against the protests that began last month, witnesses said. About 300 monks and activists were arrested, dissidents said.

Reports from exiled Myanmar journalists and activists in Thailand said security forces had shot and killed as many as five people in Myanmar's biggest city, Yangon. The reports could not be independently confirmed by The Associated Press.

The UN Security Council will meet later Wednesday to discuss Myanmar, French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner told French reporters.

Witnesses in Yangon known to the AP said they had seen two women and one young man with gunshot wounds in the chaotic confrontations.

Zin Linn, information minister for the Washington-based National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma, which is Myanmar's self-styled government-in-exile, said at least five monks were killed, while an organization of exiled political activists in Thailand, the National League for Democracy-Liberated Area said three monks had been confirmed dead and about 17 wounded.

Exiled Myanmar media reported similar figures, citing witnesses.

A Norway-based dissident radio station, the Democratic Voice of Burma, said that one monk was killed and several injured in clashes in downtown Yangon.

The security forces fired warning shots and tear gas to try to disperse the crowds of demonstrators while hauling away defiant Buddhist monks into waiting trucks – the first mass arrests since protests in this military dictatorship erupted Aug. 19.

About 300 monks and activists were arrested across Yangon after braving government orders to stay home, according to an exile dissident group, and reporters saw a number of cinnamon-robed monks, who are highly revered in Myanmar, being dragged into military trucks.

The junta had forbidden all public gatherings of more than five people and imposed a nighttime curfew following eight days of anti-government marches led by monks across the country in the largest protests in nearly 20 years.

In London, meanwhile, exiled veterans of Myanmar's doomed mass protests of 1988 urged the international community on Wednesday to intervene urgently to prevent the latest pro-democracy demonstrations from turning into a bloodbath.

"It's deeply concerning, very chaotic, and the regime is going to do everything to keep power. There will be bloodshed and massacre," said Win Naing, a provincial strike leader who took part in the ill-fated uprising of two decades ago, when soldiers killed an estimated 3,000 people.

Speaking at a rally outside the Myanmar embassy in London, Mr .Naing told Reuters he was enraged by reports that demonstrators had been killed on Wednesday in Yangon.


29/09/07, Seth Mydans, The Monks Are Cut Off, and Burmese Clashes Ebb, (Back).

BANGKOK, Sept. 28 — Myanmar’s armed forces appeared on Friday to have sealed tens of thousands of protesting monks inside their monasteries, but they continued to attack bands of demonstrators who challenged them in the main city, Yangon.

Witnesses and diplomats reached by telephone inside the country said troops were confronting and attacking smaller groups of civilians around Yangon, chasing them through narrow streets and sometimes firing at protesters and arresting them.

“Today has been quieter than previous days, meaning far fewer protesters came out, but the military is being very quick to use violence, tear gas, guns and clubs to break it up,” said Shari Villarosa, the chief diplomat at the United States Embassy.

Diplomats said that there was no way to know the toll of dead and wounded in Yangon or other cities, but that it was certainly far higher than the junta says.

Bob Davis, Australia’s ambassador to Myanmar, said that based on unconfirmed reports, he was sure the death toll was “several multiples of the 10 acknowledged by the authorities.”

“I am afraid we believe the loss of life is far greater than is being reported,” Prime Minister Gordon Brown of Britain said.

Human rights and exile groups with contacts in Myanmar said they had fewer clashes to report on Friday, at least partly because of an apparent government clampdown on Internet and telephone communications.

Brutal attacks on monasteries and a heavy military presence outside their gates appeared to have choked off, at least for now, the huge demonstrations led by monks that are the most serious challenge to the military junta since it took power in 1988.

Exile groups passed on many vivid reports about brutality toward monks, many of whom were reportedly driven away in trucks. Soldiers were said to have prevented others from leaving the monasteries.

“Wednesday night, numerous monasteries were raided,” Ms. Villarosa said, “and we have reports that many monks were beaten and arrested, and we have pictures where whole monasteries have been trashed,” including images of blood and broken glass.

With the monks contained, another Western diplomat said, the demonstrations seemed to have lost their focus, and soldiers were quick to pounce on any group that appeared on the streets.

“Troops are chasing protesters and beating them and taking them away in trucks,” said the diplomat, speaking anonymously under embassy policy. “There are pockets of protesters left. They are unorganized, and it’s all very small-scale.”

Even if the junta clears the streets, it seems to have turned most of the world against it. The crackdown has drawn far more intense criticism than in 1988, when the military responded to protests by killing thousands.

Nor was it clear how the junta would recover any legitimacy at home. “The military is doing their best to frighten people into going back, but they are not doing anything about the underlying grievances,” Ms. Villarosa said. “Whether they will ultimately be successful, I doubt, because the grievances are real.”

Heavy pressure from the United Nations has forced the military to allow a visit from a special United Nations envoy, Ibrahim Gambari. He is expected to reach Myanmar on Saturday.

In Washington, President Bush thanked China, Myanmar’s leading trade partner, for helping persuade the junta to allow the visit.

In Tokyo, Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda said that he had spoken with his Chinese counterpart, Wen Jiabao, and that they had agreed to work on international efforts to solve the crisis.

“I asked that China, given its close ties with Myanmar, exercise its influence, and Prime Minister Wen said he would make such efforts,” Mr. Fukuda said.

Reuters reported that Japan would send an envoy to Myanmar to investigate the death of a videojournalist, Kenji Nagai. A videotape shows that Mr. Nagai, who was killed Thursday while filming protests near the Sule Pagoda in Yangon, may have been shot at close range.

The current crisis began on Aug. 19, after the government increased fuel prices overnight by as much as 500 percent without any announcement or explanation. The increases ignited scattered protests led at first by longtime dissidents, most of whom had been involved in the protests of 1988. The demonstrations revealed the deep discontent and anger over the junta’s economic mismanagement.

In 45 years of military rule — and 19 years under this junta — Myanmar, formerly known as Burma, has become a ragged, suffering nation, one of the poorest and most repressed in Asia.

The crowds grew much larger after Sept. 18, when huge columns of monks filled the streets and residents joined them by the tens of thousands. The demonstrations swelled to as many as 100,000 monks and supporters in Yangon alone.

Defying international warnings and condemnation, the government crackdown began Wednesday morning with raids on several monasteries and the appearance of an aggressive armed force on the streets.


29/09/07, Editorial, See No Evil, Speak No Truth, (Back).

After decades of brutal military rule, Myanmar’s people have taken to the streets to demand democracy, and they are being mowed down. China, India and Russia have the means — but apparently not the will — to stop Myanmar’s vicious junta from murdering more of its citizens. The three countries regularly proclaim themselves world powers, yet they refuse to accept the moral responsibility that must come with that position.

China is Myanmar’s chief trading partner and protector. Many other countries, including the United States, refuse to do business with the regime, but India and Russia are comfortably making money off the generals and helping keep them in power, with arms and energy deals. So far, they all have refused to use that leverage — a shocking demonstration of greed and political cowardice.

On Wednesday, Beijing ruled out calls for international sanctions and stopped the Security Council even from condemning the junta’s indiscriminate use of force against pro-democracy protests. On Friday, Russian President Vladimir Putin dismissed sanctions as premature and said he “assumed” the violence will stop.

China is an authoritarian state, and Russia is increasingly anti-democratic. Officials in both fear internal dissent and fear setting a precedent that would allow others to criticize their own repressive ways. As in the case of North Korea — another client state — Beijing disingenuously argues its influence with Myanmar only goes so far. And despite that claim, Beijing managed to persuade the junta to allow a visit by a special United Nations envoy.

The response of India, the democracy on which the United States hopes to build a key security and economic relationship for the 21st century, also has been weak and pathetic. New Delhi issued a carefully nuanced call for political reform and said nothing about sanctions.

We are heartened that the normally supercautious Association of Southeast Asian Nations, whose members are Myanmar’s immediate neighbors, expressed revulsion with the junta’s crackdown. But we fear that so long as the three major regional partners refuse to get tough with the generals, such outrage will make little difference.

China will host the 2008 Olympics, which it sees as a coming out party for its rising international power. Beijing’s rulers need to know that the world is watching to see whether it will now use its influence to stop the killing in Myanmar — or again abdicate the responsibilities that come with real world leadership.

(Back)

Mohamed ElBaradei

17/09/07, Elaine Sciolino - William J. Broad, An Indispensable Irritant to Iran and Its Foes, Source.
Nobel Lecture, Oslo, December 10, 2005, Source.


17/09/07, Elaine Sciolino - William J. Broad, An Indispensable Irritant to Iran and Its Foes, (Back).

VIENNA — Late in August, Mohamed ElBaradei put the finishing touches on a nuclear accord negotiated in secret with Iran.

The deal would be divisive and risky, one of the biggest gambles of his 10 years as director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Iran would answer questions about its clandestine nuclear past in exchange for a series of concessions. With no advance notice or media strategy, Dr. ElBaradei ordered the plan released in the evening. And then he waited.

The next day, diplomats from the United States, France, Britain and Germany marched into his office atop a Vienna skyscraper to deliver a joint protest. The deal, they said, amounted to irresponsible meddling that threatened to undermine a United Nations Security Council strategy to punish, not reward, Tehran.

Dr. ElBaradei, an Egyptian-born lawyer, was polite but firm. “If Iran wants to answer questions, what am I supposed to do, tell them it can’t?” he asked.

Then, brandishing one of his characteristic mangled metaphors, he dismissed his critics as “living room coaches who shoot from the hip.”

Almost five years after he stood up to the Bush administration on Iraq and then won the Nobel Peace Prize for his trouble, Dr. ElBaradei now finds himself at the center of the West’s turbulent confrontation with Iran, derided yet relied upon by all sides.

To his critics in the West, he is guilty of serious diplomatic sins — bias toward Iran, recklessness and, above all, a naïve grandiosity that leads him to reach far beyond his station. Over the past year, even before he unveiled his deal with Tehran, Western governments had presented him with a flurry of formal protests over his stewardship of the Iran case.

Even some of his own staff members have become restive, questioning his leadership and what they see as his sympathy for the Iranians, according to diplomats here.

Yet the Iranians also seek to humiliate him and block his inspectors.

“He is the man in the middle,” said Lee H. Hamilton, a former Democratic congressman long respected for his foreign affairs acumen. “The United States and Iran simply do not believe one another. There is deep distrust.” And, he added, that makes the situation “very difficult” for any go-between.

Even so, while Dr. ElBaradei’s harshest detractors describe him as drunk with the power of his Nobel, what keeps him on center stage is a pragmatic truth: He is everyone’s best hope.

He has grown ever more indispensable as American credibility on atomic intelligence has nose-dived and European diplomacy with Tehran has stalled.

For the world powers, he is far and away the best source of knowledge about Iran’s nuclear progress — information Washington uses regularly to portray Tehran as an imminent global danger.

Even the Iranians need him (as he likes to remind them) because his maneuvers promise to lessen and perhaps end the sting of United Nations sanctions.

Dr. ElBaradei, who is 65, seems unfazed, even energized, by all the dissent. He alludes to a sense of destiny that has pressed him into the role of world peacemaker. He has called those who advocate war against Iran “crazies,” and in two long recent interviews described himself as a “secular pope” whose mission is to “make sure, frankly, that we do not end up killing each other.”

He added, “You meet someone in the street — and I do a lot — and someone will tell me, ‘You are doing God’s work,’ and that will keep me going for quite a while.”

It is precisely that self-invented role that enrages his detractors. They say he has stepped dangerously beyond the mandate of the I.A.E.A., a United Nations agency best known for inspecting atomic installations in an effort to find and deter secret work on nuclear arms.

“Instead of being the head of a technical agency, whose job is to monitor these agreements, and come up with objective assessments, he has become a world policy maker, an advocate,” said Robert J. Einhorn, the State Department’s nonproliferation director from 1999 to 2001.

In particular, Dr. ElBaradei is faulted for his new deal with Iran, which has defied repeated Security Council demands to suspend its enrichment of uranium. Critics say the plan threatens to buy Iran more time to master that technology, which can make fuel for reactors or atomic bombs.

Despite Iran’s long history of nuclear deception, Dr. ElBaradei’s supporters cite his vindication on Iraq — no evidence of an active Iraqi nuclear program has been found — as reason to listen to him now.

“He could have saved us a disastrous war if we had paid attention to him,” said Thomas M. Franck, an international law professor emeritus at New York University Law School, who taught Dr. ElBaradei there decades ago and has remained a close friend.

After the Iran accord became public, The Washington Post published an editorial branding Dr. ElBaradei a “Rogue Regulator.” His wife, Aida, who is his closest political adviser, came up with a response — T-shirts that succinctly frame the ElBaradei debate: “Rogue regulator” will be stenciled on the front, “Or smooth operator?” on the back.

Ambitious, but Reserved

When Dr. ElBaradei received the Nobel Prize in December 2005, he used his acceptance speech to lay out an ambitious agenda — helping the poor, saving the environment, fighting crime and confronting new dangers spawned by globalization.

“We cannot respond to these threats by building more walls, developing bigger weapons, or dispatching more troops,” he said. “Quite to the contrary, by their very nature, these security threats require primarily international cooperation.”

Yet Dr. ElBaradei’s expansive view of himself is a striking counterpoint to his personal style.

That Nobel night, he was celebrating with friends in his suite at the Grand Hotel in Oslo when thousands of people appeared on the street below, holding candles and cheering. Unsure of himself, he froze.

“He was clearly nonplused and adrift at what to do,” Mr. Franck recalled. “His wife told him to wave back.”

A tall, shy man with a salt-and-pepper mustache, Dr. ElBaradei is so averse to small talk that he refuses even superficial conversation with staff members in the agency’s elevators, aides say.

Rather than venture into the dining room or cafeteria, he brings lunch from home and eats at his desk. He must be arm-twisted to make even the briefest appearance at important agency functions.

“He is very reserved, very aloof,” Mrs. ElBaradei said recently over tea in their apartment, filled with rugs from Iran and the awards and other baubles that come with her husband’s persona as a campaigner for world peace. “He thinks these diplomatic receptions and dinners are a waste of time.”

He shares confidences with only a handful of associates. “He doesn’t have meetings where he seeks input,” said one former agency official, who like some others would speak about Dr. ElBaradei only on the condition of anonymity. “It’s, ‘Here’s what I want to do.’ ”

He has become a compulsive name-dropper, diplomats say. “He remains a shy man, but one who is somehow dazzled by his own destiny,” said one European nonproliferation official who knows him well. “He’s always saying, ‘Oh, I talked to Condi last week and she told me this,’ or ‘I was with Putin and he said this or that.’ He’s almost like a child.”

The eldest of five children from an upper-middle-class family in Cairo, Dr. ElBaradei grew up with a French nanny and a private school education. At 19, he became the national youth champion in squash. “You have to be cunning,” he said of the sport.

His father, a lawyer, was the head of Egypt’s bar association. The son studied law and joined the foreign service, eventually serving in New York. Living there in the late 1960s and early ’70s was so transforming, he said, that today he feels greater kinship with New York than Cairo, more comfortable speaking English than Arabic.

While working on his doctorate on international law at New York University, he went to New York Knicks basketball games and to the Metropolitan Opera, and stayed up late talking American politics and drinking wine in Greenwich Village bars. His first girlfriend, he said, was Jewish.

Moving up the diplomatic ladder, he eventually settled in Vienna, where he became the nuclear agency’s legal counselor and then head of external relations. His ascent to the top job, in 1997, was a surprise.

After none of the proposed candidates received the needed votes, the American ambassador to the agency at the time, John Ritch, led a quiet campaign for Dr. ElBaradei, a close friend. In a cable to Washington, Mr. Ritch recalled, he said the United States could do no better than backing “an Egyptian who is a passionate Knicks fan.”

Dr. ElBaradei started out with the modest goal of reorganizing the agency, which today has about 2,300 employees. Then came Iraq. Before the war, the Bush administration repeatedly warned of Saddam Hussein getting the bomb, and called on atomic inspectors to confirm that view.

Instead, in March 2003, Dr. ElBaradei told the Security Council that after hundreds of inspections over three months, his teams had found “no evidence or plausible indication of the revival of a nuclear weapons program.” And while President Bush charged that Iraq was trying to buy uranium in Africa, Dr. ElBaradei dismissed the underlying intelligence as “not authentic.”

The invasion, 13 days later, was “the saddest day of my life,” he said.

Even as American troops found no unconventional arms, the Bush administration waged a quiet campaign against Dr. ElBaradei and his agency, barring his inspectors from Iraq and working behind the scenes to keep him from a third term.

He said he had been “99 percent decided” against running until he learned that John R. Bolton, then Washington’s United Nations ambassador, was determined to block him.

Dr. ElBaradei recalled “a sense of revulsion” that such a personal decision should be made “by anybody else.”

His wife said she had told him, “Mohamed, you run — tomorrow!”

Ultimately, with no candidate of its own and no international support, the United States backed down.

In October 2005, a month into his new term, the Nobel call came.

Breaking the Seals

The standoff with Tehran entered its current phase on Jan. 10, 2006, when Iran broke the I.A.E.A.’s protective seals on equipment at its underground site at Natanz and resumed efforts to enrich uranium.

When the West began imposing sanctions, Iran retaliated by cutting back on its cooperation with Dr. ElBaradei’s agency and barring dozens of its inspectors. As the Iranians ramped up enrichment, the agency and the rest of the world were steadily going blind to aspects of Iran’s nuclear program.

Dr. ElBaradei himself was humiliated on a rare visit to Tehran in April 2006. Two days before his arrival, the Iranians announced a breakthrough — industrial-level enrichment.

Still, Dr. ElBaradei hoped to meet the supreme leader of Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. Instead, he spent much of his time cooling his heels in a hotel room.

Critics say Dr. ElBaradei has responded to such provocations by going soft on Tehran — glossing over its violations, caving to its demands and writing reports that bend over backward to be conciliatory.

For instance, they say he has added to inspection woes by moving a half-dozen top investigators off the case, which the agency defends as normal rotations. The agency’s chief Iran inspector, Christian Charlier, who spoke out publicly about Iran’s evasiveness, was assigned to the agency’s Brazil file.

“He’s naïve and idiosyncratic and that amounts to being dangerous,” Mr. Bolton said. “His argument for years was that he could talk Iran out of being a nuclear threat. Then it was, ‘O.K., we’ll just let them experiment.’ Now it’s, ‘You’re never going to get them to give up.’ ”

But Dr. ElBaradei’s supporters say he is engaged in a balancing act that deals as much with Washington’s excesses as with Tehran’s.

In May, after Vice President Dick Cheney warned from an aircraft carrier off Iran’s coast that the United States was ready to use its naval power to keep Iran from “gaining nuclear weapons and dominating this region,” Dr. ElBaradei offered a quick response: he declared that Iran had achieved “the knowledge” of enrichment — implying that it was too late for military action or other Western punishment for refusing to stop its atomic efforts.

“The fact of the matter,” he said, “is that one of the purposes of suspension — keeping them from getting the knowledge — has been overtaken by events.”

His remarks outstripped the analyses of his own inspectors, who were reporting technical problems at Natanz, and contributed to suspicions that he was exaggerating Iran’s progress as a political maneuver. Even so, that argument — that Iran has already crossed an important line — is the tacit assumption behind the new accord.

The plan, released Aug. 27, sets a firm timetable for Iran to clear up a half-dozen controversies about past secret activities, while also improving access for I.A.E.A. inspectors.

The diplomats who marched into Dr. ElBaradei’s office the next day shredded the plan point by point.

They expressed dismay that the accord, negotiated with no diplomatic input, omitted any stipulation that Iran suspend enrichment. One envoy noted that the plan forces inspectors to ask questions on only one issue at a time, leaving the most delicate topics until the end.

There was general alarm that the document suggested treating Iran like a “routine” case, instead of a country that had lied repeatedly, and, according to some governments, harbors a secret nuclear-arms program.

Dr. ElBaradei’s response, paraphrased by a Western official, was that “all you are doing is being suspicious; the agency cannot judge Iranian intentions.”

In the days that followed, representatives of other countries hammered Dr. ElBaradei with sharp criticism. But a week later, many governments had begun to believe that their strategy was backfiring. They decided to try to co-opt Dr. ElBaradei rather than isolate him.

The new thinking went like this: he and the Iranians had won this round. Much of the world would consider the agreement on a timetable a step forward. By contrast, Western diplomacy was hopelessly stalled.

On Sept. 7, envoys from the four Western powers again visited Dr. ElBaradei’s office. This time, though, they offered support for his effort to clear up the past, and said they welcomed his renewed support in pressing Iran to suspend enrichment and let inspectors conduct wider inquiries.

“We told the Americans it would do no good to criticize ElBaradei, that it would only make him look even more like a hero,” said one senior European official.

In the interview, Dr. ElBaradei called the shift “a complete change” — a result of his explaining and “standing firm.” He called his accord a sound step toward defusing the Iran confrontation.

“I have no qualm that some people have distrust because of Iran’s past behavior,” he said.

But sanctions alone, he added, would solve nothing. “You need to sit together and talk about it and try to work out mechanisms to build confidence.”

And if the Iranians do not keep their promises, he said: “I told them very openly that it will backfire. Absolutely.”

Weighing the Risks

Early in September, when the agency’s board gathered here in Vienna and discussed the new plan, the American envoy, Gregory L. Schulte, stunned colleagues by praising Dr. ElBaradei. He told the board that the deal was “a potentially important development and a step in the right direction.”

Even so, diplomats and visitors say that in unguarded moments, Dr. ElBaradei has expressed the conviction that a lasting accommodation with Iran must wait until the Bush administration is gone.

The danger, some analysts say, is that by then, Iran might have acquired the ability to make a bomb. American intelligence analysts put that date at anywhere from 2010 to 2015.

Even if Iran begins to deliver on its latest promises, Dr. ElBaradei faces a potential deal breaker. As part of the accord, he is demanding that the United States give Tehran copies of American intelligence documents related to suspected secret Iranian military work on nuclear warheads. As a lawyer, he said, he was determined to give Iran the access it deserved.

And if it turns out that Iran did, in the past, make secret moves toward nuclear arms? “Many countries had ambitions in the past,” Dr. ElBaradei said, raising the prospect that, in theory, Iran, too, might “have to make certain confessions.”

He added that the most important thing “is for them to come clean.”

Elaine Sciolino reported from Vienna, and William J. Broad from New York.


Nobel Lecture, Oslo, December 10, 2005, (Back).

Your Majesties, Your Royal Highness, Honourable Members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen.

The International Atomic Energy Agency and I are humbled, proud, delighted and above all strengthened in our resolve by this most worthy of honours.

My sister-in-law works for a group that supports orphanages in Cairo. She and her colleagues take care of children left behind by circumstances beyond their control. They feed these children, clothe them and teach them to read.

At the International Atomic Energy Agency, my colleagues and I work to keep nuclear materials out of the reach of extremist groups. We inspect nuclear facilities all over the world, to be sure that peaceful nuclear activities are not being used as a cloak for weapons programmes.

My sister-in-law and I are working towards the same goal, through different paths: the security of the human family.

But why has this security so far eluded us?

I believe it is because our security strategies have not yet caught up with the risks we are facing. The globalization that has swept away the barriers to the movement of goods, ideas and people has also swept with it barriers that confined and localized security threats.

A recent United Nations High-Level Panel identified five categories of threats that we face:

1. Poverty, Infectious Disease, and Environmental Degradation;
2. Armed Conflict – both within and among states;
3. Organized Crime;
4. Terrorism; and
5. Weapons of Mass Destruction.

These are all 'threats without borders' – where traditional notions of national security have become obsolete. We cannot respond to these threats by building more walls, developing bigger weapons, or dispatching more troops. Quite to the contrary. By their very nature, these security threats require primarily multinational cooperation.

But what is more important is that these are not separate or distinct threats. When we scratch the surface, we find them closely connected and interrelated.

We are 1,000 people here today in this august hall. Imagine for a moment that we represent the world's population. These 200 people on my left would be the wealthy of the world, who consume 80 per cent of the available resources. And these 400 people on my right would be living on an income of less than $2 per day.

This underprivileged group of people on my right is no less intelligent or less worthy than their fellow human beings on the other side of the aisle. They were simply born into this fate.

In the real world, this imbalance in living conditions inevitably leads to inequality of opportunity, and in many cases loss of hope. And what is worse, all too often the plight of the poor is compounded by and results in human rights abuses, a lack of good governance, and a deep sense of injustice. This combination naturally creates a most fertile breeding ground for civil wars, organized crime, and extremism in its different forms.

In regions where conflicts have been left to fester for decades, countries continue to look for ways to offset their insecurities or project their 'power'. In some cases, they may be tempted to seek their own weapons of mass destruction, like others who have preceded them.

* * * * * * *

Ladies and Gentlemen.

Fifteen years ago, when the Cold War ended, many of us hoped for a new world order to emerge. A world order rooted in human solidarity – a world order that would be equitable, inclusive and effective.

But today we are nowhere near that goal. We may have torn down the walls between East and West, but we have yet to build the bridges between North and South – the rich and the poor.

Consider our development aid record. Last year, the nations of the world spent over $1 trillion on armaments. But we contributed less than 10 per cent of that amount – a mere $80 billion – as official development assistance to the developing parts of the world, where 850 million people suffer from hunger.

My friend James Morris heads the World Food Programme, whose task it is to feed the hungry. He recently told me, "If I could have just 1 per cent of the money spent on global armaments, no one in this world would go to bed hungry."

It should not be a surprise then that poverty continues to breed conflict. Of the 13 million deaths due to armed conflict in the last ten years, 9 million occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, where the poorest of the poor live.

Consider also our approach to the sanctity and value of human life. In the aftermath of the September 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, we all grieved deeply, and expressed outrage at this heinous crime – and rightly so. But many people today are unaware that, as the result of civil war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 3.8 million people have lost their lives since 1998.

Are we to conclude that our priorities are skewed, and our approaches uneven?

* * * * * * *

Ladies and Gentlemen. With this 'big picture' in mind, we can better understand the changing landscape in nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament.

There are three main features to this changing landscape: the emergence of an extensive black market in nuclear material and equipment; the proliferation of nuclear weapons and sensitive nuclear technology; and the stagnation in nuclear disarmament.

Today, with globalization bringing us ever closer together, if we choose to ignore the insecurities of some, they will soon become the insecurities of all.

Equally, with the spread of advanced science and technology, as long as some of us choose to rely on nuclear weapons, we continue to risk that these same weapons will become increasingly attractive to others.

I have no doubt that, if we hope to escape self-destruction, then nuclear weapons should have no place in our collective conscience, and no role in our security.

To that end, we must ensure – absolutely – that no more countries acquire these deadly weapons.

We must see to it that nuclear-weapon states take concrete steps towards nuclear disarmament.

And we must put in place a security system that does not rely on nuclear deterrence.

* * * * * * *

Are these goals realistic and within reach? I do believe they are. But then three steps are urgently required.

First, keep nuclear and radiological material out of the hands of extremist groups. In 2001, the IAEA together with the international community launched a worldwide campaign to enhance the security of such material. Protecting nuclear facilities. Securing powerful radioactive sources. Training law enforcement officials. Monitoring border crossings. In four years, we have completed perhaps 50 per cent of the work. But this is not fast enough, because we are in a race against time.

Second, tighten control over the operations for producing the nuclear material that could be used in weapons. Under the current system, any country has the right to master these operations for civilian uses. But in doing so, it also masters the most difficult steps in making a nuclear bomb.

To overcome this, I am hoping that we can make these operations multinational – so that no one country can have exclusive control over any such operation. My plan is to begin by setting up a reserve fuel bank, under IAEA control, so that every country will be assured that it will get the fuel needed for its bona fide peaceful nuclear activities. This assurance of supply will remove the incentive – and the justification – for each country to develop its own fuel cycle. We should then be able to agree on a moratorium on new national facilities, and to begin work on multinational arrangements for enrichment, fuel production, waste disposal and reprocessing.

We must also strengthen the verification system. IAEA inspections are the heart and soul of the nuclear non-proliferation regime. To be effective, it is essential that we are provided with the necessary authority, information, advanced technology, and resources. And our inspections must be backed by the UN Security Council, to be called on in cases of non-compliance.

Third, accelerate disarmament efforts. We still have eight or nine countries who possess nuclear weapons. We still have 27,000 warheads in existence. I believe this is 27,000 too many.

A good start would be if the nuclear-weapon states reduced the strategic role given to these weapons. More than 15 years after the end of the Cold War, it is incomprehensible to many that the major nuclear-weapon states operate with their arsenals on hair-trigger alert – such that, in the case of a possible launch of a nuclear attack, their leaders could have only 30 minutes to decide whether to retaliate, risking the devastation of entire nations in a matter of minutes.

These are three concrete steps that, I believe, can readily be taken. Protect the material and strengthen verification. Control the fuel cycle. Accelerate disarmament efforts.

But that is not enough. The hard part is: how do we create an environment in which nuclear weapons – like slavery or genocide – are regarded as a taboo and a historical anomaly?

* * * * * * *

Ladies and Gentlemen.

Whether one believes in evolution, intelligent design, or Divine Creation, one thing is certain. Since the beginning of history, human beings have been at war with each other, under the pretext of religion, ideology, ethnicity and other reasons. And no civilization has ever willingly given up its most powerful weapons. We seem to agree today that we can share modern technology, but we still refuse to acknowledge that our values – at their very core – are shared values.

I am an Egyptian Muslim, educated in Cairo and New York, and now living in Vienna. My wife and I have spent half our lives in the North, half in the South. And we have experienced first hand the unique nature of the human family and the common values we all share.

Shakespeare speaks of every single member of that family in The Merchant of Venice, when he asks: "If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge?"

And lest we forget:

There is no religion that was founded on intolerance – and no religion that does not value the sanctity of human life.

Judaism asks that we value the beauty and joy of human existence.

Christianity says we should treat our neighbours as we would be treated.

Islam declares that killing one person unjustly is the same as killing all of humanity.

Hinduism recognizes the entire universe as one family.

Buddhism calls on us to cherish the oneness of all creation.

Some would say that it is too idealistic to believe in a society based on tolerance and the sanctity of human life, where borders, nationalities and ideologies are of marginal importance. To those I say, this is not idealism, but rather realism, because history has taught us that war rarely resolves our differences. Force does not heal old wounds; it opens new ones.

* * * * * * *

Ladies and Gentlemen.

I have talked about our efforts to combat the misuse of nuclear energy. Let me now tell you how this very same energy is used for the benefit of humankind.

At the IAEA, we work daily on every continent to put nuclear and radiation techniques in the service of humankind. In Vietnam, farmers plant rice with greater nutritional value that was developed with IAEA assistance. Throughout Latin America, nuclear technology is being used to map underground aquifers, so that water supplies can be managed sustainably. In Ghana, a new radiotherapy machine is offering cancer treatment to thousands of patients. In the South Pacific, Japanese scientists are using nuclear techniques to study climate change. In India, eight new nuclear plants are under construction, to provide clean electricity for a growing nation – a case in point of the rising expectation for a surge in the use of nuclear energy worldwide.

These projects, and a thousand others, exemplify the IAEA ideal: Atoms for Peace.

But the expanding use of nuclear energy and technology also makes it crucial that nuclear safety and security are maintained at the highest level.

Since the Chernobyl accident, we have worked all over the globe to raise nuclear safety performance. And since the September 2001 terrorist attacks, we have worked with even greater intensity on nuclear security. On both fronts, we have built an international network of legal norms and performance standards. But our most tangible impact has been on the ground. Hundreds of missions, in every part of the world, with international experts making sure nuclear activities are safe and secure.

I am very proud of the 2,300 hard working men and women that make up the IAEA staff – the colleagues with whom I share this honour. Some of them are here with me today. We come from over 90 countries. We bring many different perspectives to our work. Our diversity is our strength.

We are limited in our authority. We have a very modest budget. And we have no armies.

But armed with the strength of our convictions, we will continue to speak truth to power. And we will continue to carry out our mandate with independence and objectivity.

The Nobel Peace Prize is a powerful message for us – to endure in our efforts to work for security and development. A durable peace is not a single achievement, but an environment, a process and a commitment.

* * * * * * *

Ladies and Gentlemen.

The picture I have painted today may have seemed somewhat grim. Let me conclude by telling you why I have hope.

I have hope because the positive aspects of globalization are enabling nations and peoples to become politically, economically and socially interdependent, making war an increasingly unacceptable option.

Among the 25 members of the European Union, the degree of economic and socio-political dependencies has made the prospect of the use of force to resolve differences almost absurd. The same is emerging with regard to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, with some 55 member countries from Europe, Central Asia and North America. Could these models be expanded to a world model, through the same creative multilateral engagement and active international cooperation, where the strong are just and the weak secure?

I have hope because civil society is becoming better informed and more engaged. They are pressing their governments for change – to create democratic societies based on diversity, tolerance and equality. They are proposing creative solutions. They are raising awareness, donating funds, working to transform civic spirit from the local to the global. Working to bring the human family closer together.

We now have the opportunity, more than at any time before, to give an affirmative answer to one of the oldest questions of all time: "Am I my brother's keeper?"

What is required is a new mindset and a change of heart, to be able to see the person across the ocean as our neighbour.

Finally, I have hope because of what I see in my children, and some of their generation.

I took my first trip abroad at the age of 19. My children were even more fortunate than I. They had their first exposure to foreign culture as infants, and they were raised in a multicultural environment. And I can say absolutely that my son and daughter are oblivious to colour and race and nationality. They see no difference between their friends Noriko, Mafupo, Justin, Saulo and Hussam; to them, they are only fellow human beings and good friends.

Globalization, through travel, media and communication, can also help us – as it has with my children and many of their peers – to see each other simply as human beings.

* * * * * * *

Your Majesties, Your Royal Highness, Ladies and Gentlemen.

Imagine what would happen if the nations of the world spent as much on development as on building the machines of war. Imagine a world where every human being would live in freedom and dignity. Imagine a world in which we would shed the same tears when a child dies in Darfur or Vancouver. Imagine a world where we would settle our differences through diplomacy and dialogue and not through bombs or bullets. Imagine if the only nuclear weapons remaining were the relics in our museums. Imagine the legacy we could leave to our children.

Imagine that such a world is within our grasp.

(Back).

Laugh so as not to Cry

BBC, 16/09/07, Australia navy in breast op row, Source.
BBC, 16/09/07, Worldwide rallies held for Darfur, Source.
17/09/07, Andreas Lorenz, Courting Beijing's Wrath, Source.
18/09/07, Daniel Leblanc - Brian Laghi, Harper set to meet Dalai Lama despite China, Source.


BBC, 16/09/07, Australia navy in breast op row, (Back).

Australia's opposition Labor Party has questioned the need for female sailors to be given breast enlargements paid for with public money. An armed forces spokesman defended the operations, saying they were carried out for psychological reasons, not to make sailors "look sexy". Brigadier Andrew Nikolic said the "holistic needs" of service personnel were considered under defence policy. But he said breast augmentations were not routinely funded by the military. "We do consider the broader needs of our people, both physical and psychological," Brig Nikolic said. "But that is a long way from saying that if someone doesn't like their appearance, Defence will fund things like breast augmentation as a matter of routine - that is just not correct." He was speaking after one plastic surgeon said he had carried out breast enlargements on two sailors, aged 25 and 32, for A$10,000 (£4,200) each. Brig Nikolic said such operations were only recommended after a medical evaluation. But the opposition Labor Party said it wanted details on the cases. "On the face of it, taxpayer-funded breast enhancement is a questionable practice," said Labor defence spokesman Joel Fitzgibbon. "I have to say [it] smacks of a government out of touch."


BBC, 16/09/07, Worldwide rallies held for Darfur, (Back).

Protests have been taking place in 30 countries to bring attention to the crisis in Sudan's Darfur region. London, Paris, San Francisco and New York all held events ahead of key meetings of world leaders at the United Nations next week. On the Global Day for Darfur, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown called the conflict "one of the great tragedies of our time". Some 200,000 people have been killed and 2m displaced in Darfur since 2003. The government in Khartoum and Arab militias allied to it have been blamed for massacres of Darfur's black African population - charges the government denies.

'Strong message'

Demonstrations organised by groups including Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and the Save Darfur Coalition were scheduled from Japan to Vancouver to Accra in Ghana. One theme is the donning of blindfolds to tell world leaders not to look away from the continuing violence in Darfur. Protesters in Rome wore T-shirts bearing a blood-stained hand and carried a peace torch they said was originally lit in Chad - the home to hundreds of thousands of Darfur refugees. Demonstrators in London carried signs reading "Rape, torture, murder. How much longer for Darfur?" A video has been filmed for the day, featuring celebrities such as actor Matt Damon and supermodel Elle Macpherson. BBC Africa editor Martin Plaut, at the London rally, says he has spoken to many who have had personal experience of the refugee camps and for them this is an emotional moment. Organisers insist the world leaders must act when they meet at the United Nations next week. The director of Human Rights Watch, Tom Porteous, said there was a window of opportunity for the provision of an effective peacekeeping force but it must be taken. He added: "We will also be addressing a very strong message for the Sudanese government, which bears the bulk of the responsibility for this conflict." On Sunday, Gordon Brown told the BBC World Service he wanted Darfur's proposed peacekeeping force to be in place by the end of the year. Mr Brown pledged technical help for the UN-African Union force and warned of further sanctions if fighting continued. Analysts say Mr Brown's timetable for a peacekeeping force is ambitious, given that Sudan's Arab government has been reluctant to accept the involvement of non-African troops. Khartoum agreed to a hybrid peacekeeping force including some UN peacekeepers only after months of negotiations. Government forces and their allies continue to fight local rebels, but Mr Brown said it would "disastrous" if the fighting did not stop. He said if a UN-brokered peace did not work "and we find that the government of Sudan is not making the changes necessary, then we will have to move to further sanctions".

Chinese team

On a visit to Rome this week, Sudan's President Omar al-Bashir said he was willing to sign a peace deal with rebel groups ahead of talks with them in Libya on 27 October. BBC world affairs correspondent Mark Doyle says the UK leader's comments reflect Western impatience with the Khartoum government. Commentators have accused Sudan of deliberately blocking attempts to mediate the conflict. The peacekeeping force will be made up of about 20,000 soldiers and 6,000 police officers. Thousands of African Union peacekeepers are already in the region, the rest are due to begin arriving next month. On Sunday China allowed a rare viewing of a military base where engineers and medical staff are preparing for deployment in Darfur. Analysts say China hopes the 300-strong team will deflect widespread criticism of its reluctance to approve foreign intervention in Darfur.


17/09/07, Andreas Lorenz, Courting Beijing's Wrath, (Back).

Angela Merkel has invited the Dalai Lama to engage in a "private exhange of thoughts" at the Chancellery. The Chinese authorities are not pleased and German businessmen are worried too.

The Dalai Lama advocates far-reaching autonomy for Tibet. Many governments shy away from meeting him for fear of being punished economically by China.

Neither newspapers nor Web sites nor the official news agency Xinhua have informed the Chinese people about German Chancellor Angela Merkel's controversial plan to receive the Dalai Lama at the Chancellery for a "private exchange of thoughts" on Sept. 23.

The Foreign Ministry in Beijing summoned Germany's new ambassador to China, Michael Schäfer, on Friday to protest the planned meeting. It is thought that an encounter between Merkel and the religious leader of the Tibetan Buddhists would strain relations between Berlin and Beijing.

Some Chinese officials have voiced distrust about Merkel in recent weeks, suspecting the former East German citizen of having a "false image of China." The skeptics in the Chinese government are now likely to feel their suspicions have been confirmed. Meanwhile, German businesspeople in China are concerned about their business deals. "The Chinese will make us feel their displeasure," one of said. Other businessmen would not exclude the possibility that ongoing negotiations over possible business contracts could be stalled.

The Chinese Communist Party considers the Dalai Lama a separatist and a traitor who wants to separate Tibet from China, thus "splitting" the People's Republic. Chinese troops occupied Tibet, popularly known as the "Roof of the World," in 1951. The Dalai Lama fled to Dharamsala in northern India in 1959 and has lived in exile there since. He advocates far-reaching autonomy for Tibet.

Not all governments consider the Dalai Lama a welcome guest, given Beijing's ability to exert economic pressure. In Germany, the Dalai Lama has so far met with opposition politicians as well as with two of the country's previous foreign ministers, Klaus Kinkel and Joschka Fischer. In 1990, Richard von Weizsäcker, then Germany's president, spoke to him. Angela Merkel met the Dalai Lama when she was leader of the parliamentary opposition.

She would now be the first German government leader to receive the Tibetan, who offered a humorous characterization of the widespread reluctance to meet with him in a SPIEGEL interview: "It's an interesting phenomenon among politicians: When they are not yet government leaders or presidents, they meet with me. Afterwards, they avoid me so as not to annoy Beijing -- then, economic relations with the People's Republic take priority."


18/09/07, Daniel Leblanc - Brian Laghi, Harper set to meet Dalai Lama despite China, (Back).

OTTAWA — Prime Minister Stephen Harper plans to meet the Dalai Lama next month in an official encounter on a government site that will irk Chinese officials who view the Buddhist leader as a subversive enemy, sources say.

Mr. Harper is expected to go further than former Liberal prime minister Paul Martin, who met with the Dalai Lama in a non-political setting for five minutes in 2004.

The coming meeting in a federal building is in keeping with the hard line on Tibet taken by the Conservatives since coming to office last year. It is also an important event for Mr. Harper, who kept a scarf he received from the Dalai Lama as the leader of the opposition in 2004.

The Chinese had been mounting a behind-the-scenes campaign trying to prevent any formal meeting with the Dalai Lama.

“We are against the provision of venues by foreign countries to the Dalai Lama's secessionist activities and also against foreign dignitaries meeting with him,” Chinese officials told The Globe and Mail in a statement Monday.

The Chinese embassy in Ottawa argued that the Dalai Lama is “a political exile who has long been engaged in activities aimed at splitting China under the camouflage of religion. His activities, in whatever name or whatever places, are neither a purely religious issue nor a private act.”

Mr. Harper's decision to meet the Dalai Lama is expected to increase Canada-China tensions, which have been cool over the issue of human rights.

Expectations have been high among the Dalai Lama's supporters that the Canadian government will continue to push for talks for increased independence of Tibet within China.

“The government of Canada needs to send a message to the Chinese government that negotiations must be treated seriously and that there must be tangible results,” said Dermod Travis, executive director of the Canada Tibet Committee.

The first Canadian prime minister to meet with the Dalai Lama was Mr. Martin, who did so in the cloistered surroundings of the official residence of the Roman Catholic Archbishop in Ottawa.

At the time, the Prime Minister's Office went to great lengths to keep the meeting low key, brief and devoid of any substantive discussion of the Dalai Lama's political struggle with the Chinese government.

The Dalai Lama and supporters of a free Tibet have been winning a number of battles on the international stage in recent years, hoping to force the Chinese government to loosen its grip on the region ahead of the 2008 Olympics in Beijing.

German Chancellor Angela Merkel is scheduled to meet with the Dalai Lama at the chancellery in Berlin on the weekend. U.S. President George W. Bush signed a bill last year giving the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize a Congressional Gold Medal, once again over Chinese objections.

The Chinese were angry last year when the Dalai Lama met in Vancouver with junior minister Jason Kenney, who greeted him on behalf of the Prime Minister.

At the time, then-immigration-minister Monte Solberg awarded the Dalai Lama honorary Canadian citizenship in front of a crowd of 12,000. The only two other honorary Canadian citizens are South Africa's Nelson Mandela and Sweden's Raoul Wallenberg.

Mr. Solberg praised the Dalai Lama for his preaching of peace, practice of kindness and dedication to humanitarian work. “These are the values of Canadians,” Mr. Solberg said.

China has made a contested claim to sovereignty over Tibet for hundreds of years, and has occupied it since 1951. The Dalai Lama, considered the leader of Tibetan Buddhists, has lived in exile since 1959.

(Back)

Peer Gynt Archive

Peer Gynt by Henrik Ibsen (1875) The characters Aase a peasant's widow. Peer Gynt, her son. Two old women with corn-sacks. Aslak, a smith. Wedding-guests. A master-cook, a fiddler, etc. A man and wife, newcomers to the district. Solveig and little Helga, their daughters. The farmer at Hegstad. Ingrid, his daughter. The bridegroom and his parents. Three saeter-girls. A green-clad woman. The old man of the Dovre. A troll-courtier. Several others. Troll-maidens and troll-urchins. A couple of witches. Brownies, nixies, gnomes, etc. An ugly brat. A voice in the darkness. Bird-cries. Kari, a cottar's wife. Master Cotton, Monsieur Ballon, Herren von Eberkopf and Trumpeterstrale, gentlemen on their travels. A thief and A receiver. Anitra, daughter of a Bedouin chief. Arabs, female slaves, dancing-girls, etc. The Memnon-statue (singing). The sphinx at Gizeh (muta persona). Professor Begriffenfeldt, Dr. Phil., director of the madhouse at Cairo. Huhu, a language-reformer from the coast of Malabar. Hussein, an Eastern Minister. A fellah, with a royal mummy. Several madmen, with their keepers. A Norwegian skipper and his crew. A strange passenger. A pastor. A funeral-party. A parish-officer. A button-moulder. A lean person. The action, which opens in the beginning of the nineteenth century, and ends around the 1860's, takes place partly in Gudbrandsdalen, and on the mountains around it, partly on the coast of Morocco, in the desert of Sahara, in a madhouse at Cairo, at sea, etc.

First act First scene [A wooded hillside near Aase's farm. A river rushes down the slope. On the further side of it an old mill shed. It is a hot day in summer.]        [Peer Gynt, a strongly-built youth of twenty, comes down the pathway. His mother, Aase, a small, slightly built woman, follows him, scolding angrily.] Aase   Peer, you're lying! Peer [without stopping].   No, I am not! Aase   Well then, swear that it is true! Peer   Swear? Why should I? Aase   See, you dare not!   It's a lie from first to last. Peer [stopping].   It is true - each blessed word! Aase [confronting him].   Don't you blush before your mother?   First you skulk among the mountains   monthlong in the busiest season,   stalking reindeer in the snows;   home you come then, torn and tattered,   gun amissing, likewise game; -   and at last, with open eyes,   think to get me to believe   all the wildest hunters'-lies! -   Well, where did you find the buck, then? Peer   West near Gendin. Aase [laughing scornfully].   Ah! Indeed! Peer   Keen the blast towards me swept;   hidden by an alder-clump,   he was scraping in the snow-crust   after lichen - Aase [as before].   Doubtless, yes! Peer   Breathlessly I stood and listened,   heard the crunching of his hoof,   saw the branches of one antler.   Softly then among the boulders   I crept forward on my belly.   Crouched in the moraine I peered up; -   such a buck, so sleek and fat,   you, I'm sure, have never set eyes on. Aase   No, of course not! Peer   Bang! I fired!   Clean he dropped upon the hillside.   But the instant that he fell   I sat firm astride his back,   gripped him by the left ear tightly,   and had almost sunk my knife-blade   in his neck, behind his skull -   when, behold! the brute screamed wildly,   sprang upon his feet like lightning,   with a back-cast of his head   from my fist made knife and sheath fly,   pinned me tightly by the thigh,   jammed his horns against my legs,   clenched me like a pair of tongs; -   then forthwith away he flew   right along the Gendin-Edge! Aase [involuntarily].   Jesus save us -! Peer   Have you ever   chanced to see the Gendin-Edge?   Nigh on four miles long it stretches   sharp before you like a scythe.   Down over glaciers, landslips, scaurs,   down the toppling grey moraines,   you can see, both right and left,   straight into the tarns that slumber,   black and sluggish, more than seven   hundred fathoms deep below you.   Right along the Edge we two   clove our passage through the air.   Never rode I such a colt!   Straight before us as we rushed   'twas as though there glittered suns.   Brown-backed eagles that were sailing   in the wide and dizzy void   half-way 'twixt us and the tarns,   dropped behind, like motes in air.   Ice-floes on the shores broke crashing,   but no murmur reached my ears.   Only sprites of dizziness sprang,   dancing, round;-they sang, they swung,   circle-wise, past sight and hearing! Aase [dizzy].   Oh, God save me! Peer   All at once,   at a desperate, break-neck spot,   rose a great cock-ptarmigan,   flapping, cackling, terrified,   from the crack where he lay hidden   at the buck's feet on the Edge.   Then the buck shied half around,   leapt sky-high, and down we plunged   both of us into the depths!   [Aase totters, and catches at the trunk of a tree. Peer Gynt continues:]   Mountain walls behind us, black,   and below a void unfathomed!   First we clove through banks of mist,   then we clove a flock of sea-gulls,   so that they, in mid-air startled,   flew in all directions, screaming.   Downward rushed we, ever downward.   But beneath us something shimmered,   whitish, like a reindeer's belly. -   Mother, 'twas our own reflection   in the glass-smooth mountain tarn,   shooting up towards the surface   with the same wild rush of speed   wherewith we were shooting downwards. Aase [gasping for breath].   Peer! God help me -! Quickly, tell -! Peer   Buck from over, buck from under,   in a moment clashed together,   scattering foam-flecks all around.   There we lay then, floating, plashing, -   But at last we made our way   somehow to the northern shore;   buck, he swam, I clung behind him: -   I ran homewards - Aase   But the buck, dear? Peer   He's there still, for aught I know; -   [Snaps his fingers, turns on his heel, and adds:]   catch him, and you're welcome to him! Aase   And your neck you haven't broken?   Haven't broken both your thighs?   and your backbone, too, is whole?   Oh, dear Lord - what thanks, what praise,   should be thine who helped my boy!   There's a rent, though, in your breeches;   but it's scarce worth talking of   when one thinks what dreadful things   might have come of such a leap -!   [Stops suddenly, looks at him open-mouthed and wide-eyed; cannot find words for some time, but at last bursts out:]   Oh, you devil's story-teller,   Cross of Christ, how you can lie!   All this screed you foist upon me,   I remember now, I knew it   when I was a girl of twenty.   Gudbrand Glesne it befell,   never you, you - Peer   Me as well.   Such a thing can happen twice. Aase [exasperated].   Yes, a lie, turned topsy-turvy,   can be prinked and tinselled out,   decked in plumage new and fine,   till none knows its lean old carcass.   That is just what you've been doing,   vamping up things, wild and grand,   garnishing with eagles' backs   and with all the other horrors,   lying right and lying left,   filling me with speechless dread,   till at last I recognised not   what of old I'd heard and known! Peer   If another talked like that   I'd half kill him for his pains. Aase [weeping].   Oh, would God I lay a corpse;   would the black earth held me sleeping!   Prayers and tears don't bite upon him. -   Peer, you're lost, and ever will be! Peer   Darling, pretty little mother,   you are right in every word; -   don't be cross, be happy - Aase   Silence!   Could I, if I would, be happy,   with a pig like you for son?   Think how bitter I must find it,   I, a poor defenceless widow,   ever to be put to shame!   [Weeping again.]   How much have we now remaining   from your grandsire's days of glory?   Where are now the sacks of coin   left behind by Rasmus Gynt?   Ah, your father lent them wings, -   lavished them abroad like sand,   buying land in every parish,   driving round in gilded chariots.   Where is all the wealth he wasted   at the famous winter-banquet,   when each guest sent glass and bottle   shivering 'gainst the wall behind him? Peer   Where's the snow of yester-year? Aase   Silence, boy, before your mother!   See the farmhouse! Every second   window-pane is stopped with clouts.   Hedges, fences, all are down,   beasts exposed to wind and weather,   fields and meadows lying fallow,   every month a new distraint - Peer   Come now, stop this old-wife's talk!   Many a time has luck seemed dropping,   and sprung up as high as ever! Aase   Salt-strewn is the soil it grew from.   Lord, but you're a rare one, you, -   just as pert and jaunty still,   just as bold as when the pastor,   newly come from Copenhagen,   bade you tell your Christian name,   and declared that such a headpiece   many a prince down there might envy;   till the cob your father gave him,   with a sledge to boot, in thanks   for his pleasant, friendly talk. -   Ah, but things went bravely then!   Provost, captain, all the rest,   dropped in daily, ate and drank,   swilling, till they well-nigh burst.   But 'tis need that tests one's neighbour.   Still it grew and empty here   from the day that "Gold-bag Jon"   started with his pack, a pedlar.   [Dries her eyes with her apron.]   Ah, you're big and strong enough,   you should be a staff and pillar   for your mother's frail old age, -   you should keep the farm-work going,   guard the remnants of your gear; -   [Crying again.]   oh, God help me, small's the profit   you have been to me, you scamp!   Lounging by the hearth at home,   grubbing in the charcoal embers;   or, round all the country, frightening   girls away from merry-makings -   shaming me in all directions,   fighting with the worst rapscallions - Peer [turning away from her].   Let me be. Aase [following him].   Can you deny   that you were the foremost brawler   in the mighty battle royal   fought the other day at Lunde,   when you raged like mongrels mad?   Who was it but you that broke   Blacksmith Aslak's arm for him, -   or at any rate that wrenched one   of his fingers out of joint? Peer   Who has filled you with such prate? Aase [hotly].   Cottar Kari heard the yells! Peer [rubbing his elbow].   Maybe, but 'twas I that howled. Aase   You? Peer   Yes, mother, - I got beaten. Aase   What d'you say? Peer   He's limber, he is. Aase   Who? Peer   Why Aslak, to be sure. Aase   Shame - and shame; I spit upon you!   Such a worthless sot as that,   such a brawler, such a sodden   dram-sponge to have beaten you!   [Weeping again.]   Many a shame and slight I've suffered;   but that this should come to pass   is the worst disgrace of all.   What if he be never so limber,   need you therefore be a weakling? Peer   Though I hammer or am hammered, -   still we must have lamentations.   [Laughing.]   Cheer up, mother - Aase   What? You're lying   now again? Peer   Yes, just this once.   Come now, wipe your tears away; -   [Clenching his left hand.]   see, - with this same pair of tongs,   thus I held the smith bent double,   while my sledge-hammer right fist - Aase   Oh, you brawler! You will bring me   with your doings to the grave! Peer   No, you're worth a better fate;   better twenty thousand times!   Little, ugly, dear old mother,   you may safely trust my word, -   all the parish shall exalt you;   only wait till I have done   something - something really grand! Aase [contemptuously].   You! Peer   Who knows what may befall one! Aase   Would you'd get so far in sense   one day as to do the darning   of your breeches for yourself! Peer [hotly].   I will be a king, a kaiser! Aase   Oh, God comfort me, he's losing   all the wits that he had left! Peer   Yes, I will! just give me time! Aase   Give you time, you'll be a prince,   so the saying goes, I think! Peer   You shall see! Aase   Oh, hold your tongue!   You're as mad as mad can be. -   Ah, and yet it's true enough, -   something might have come of you,   had you not been steeped for ever   in your lies and trash and moonshine.   Hegstad's girl was fond of you.   Easily you could have won her   had you wooed her with a will - Peer   Could I? Aase   The old man's too feeble   not to give his child her way.   He is stiff-necked in a fashion   but at last 'tis Ingrid rules;   and where she leads, step by step,   stumps the gaffer, grumbling, after.   [Begins to cry again.]   Ah, my Peer! - a golden girl -   land entailed on her! just think,   had you set your mind upon it,   you'd be now a bridegroom brave, -   you that stand here grimed and tattered! Peer [briskly].   Come, we'll go a-wooing, then! Aase   Where? Peer   At Hegstad! Aase   Ah, poor boy;   Hegstad way is barred to wooers! Peer   How is that? Aase   Ah, I must sigh!   Lost the moment, lost the luck - Peer   Speak! Aase [sobbing].   While in the Wester-hills   you in air were riding reindeer,   here Mads Moen's won the girl! Peer   What! That women's-bugbear! He -! Aase   Ay, she's taking him for husband. Peer   Wait you here till I have harnessed   horse and waggon -   [Going.] Aase   Spare your pains.   They are to be wed tomorrow - Peer   Pooh; this evening I'll be there! Aase   Fie now! Would you crown our miseries   with a load of all men's scorn? Peer   Never fear; 'twill all go well.   [Shouting and laughing at the same time.]   Mother, jump! We'll spare the waggon;   'twould take time to fetch the mare up -   [Lifts her up in his arms.] Aase   Put me down! Peer   No, in my arms   I will bear you to the wedding!   [Wades out into the stream.] Aase   Help! The Lord have mercy on us!   Peer! We're drowning - Peer   I was born   for a braver death - Aase   Ay, true;   sure enough you'll hang at last!   [Tugging at his hair.]   Oh, you brute! Peer   Keep quiet now;   here the bottom's slippery-slimy. Aase   Ass! Peer   That's right, don't spare your tongue;   that does no one any harm.   Now it's shelving up again - Aase   Don't you drop me! Peer   Heisan! Hop!   Now we'll play at Peer and reindeer; -   [Curvetting.]   I'm the reindeer, you are Peer! Aase   Oh, I'm going clean distraught! Peer   There see; now we've reached the shallows; -   [Wades ashore.]   come, a kiss now, for the reindeer;   just to thank him for the ride - Aase [boxing his ears].   This is how I thank him! Peer   Ow!   That's a miserable fare! Aase   Put me down! Peer   First to the wedding.   Be my spokesman. You're so clever;   talk to him, the old curmudgeon;   say Mads Moen's good for nothing - Aase   Put me down! Peer   And tell him then   what a rare lad is Peer Gynt. Aase   Truly, you may swear to that!   Fine's the character I'll give you.   Through and through I'll show you up;   all about your devil's pranks   I will tell them straight and plain - Peer   Will you? Aase [kicking with rage].   I won't stay my tongue   till the old man sets his dog   at you, as you were a tramp! Peer   Hm; then I must go alone. Aase   Ay, but I'll come after you! Peer   Mother dear, you haven't strength - Aase   Strength? When I'm in such a rage,   I could crush the rocks to powder!   Hu! I'd make a meal of flints!   Put me down! Peer   You'll promise then - Aase   Nothing! I'll to Hegstad with you!   They shall know you, what you are! Peer   Then you'll even have to stay here. Aase   Never! To the feast I'm coming! Peer   That you shan't. Aase   What will you do? Peer   Perch you on the mill-house roof.   [He puts her up on the roof. Aase screams.] Aase   Lift me down! Peer   Yes, if you'll listen - Aase   Rubbish! Peer   Dearest mother, pray -! Aase [throwing a sod of grass at him].   Lift me down this moment, Peer! Peer   If I dared, be sure I would.   [Coming nearer.]   Now remember, sit quite still.   Do not sprawl and kick about;   do not tug and tear the shingles, -   else 'twill be the worse for you;   you might topple down. Aase   You beast! Peer   Do not kick! Aase   I'd have you blown,   like a changeling, into space! Peer   Mother, fie! Aase   Bah! Peer   Rather give your   blessing on my undertaking.   Will you? Eh? Aase   I'll thrash you soundly,   hulking fellow though you be! Peer   Well, good-bye then, mother dear!   Patience; I'll be back ere long.   [Is going, but turns, holds up his finger warningly, and says:]   Careful now, don't kick and sprawl!   [Goes.] Aase   Peer!-God help me, now he's off;   Reindeer-rider! Liar! Hei!   Will you listen!-No, he's striding   over the meadow -!   [Shrieks.] Help! I'm dizzy! [Two old women with sacks on their backs, come down the path to the mill.] First woman   Christ, who's screaming? Aase   It is I! Second woman   Ase! Well, you are exalted! Aase   This won't be the end of it; -   soon, God help me, I'll be heaven-high! First woman   Bless your passing! Aase   Fetch a ladder;   I must be down! That devil Peer - Second woman   Peer! Your son? Aase   Now you can say   you have seen how he behaves. First woman   We'll bear witness. Aase   Only help me;   straight to Hegstad I will haveen - Second woman   Is he there? First woman   You'll be revenged, then;   Aslak Smith will be there too. Aase [wringing her hands].   Oh, God help me with my boy;   they will kill him ere they're done! First woman   Oh, that lot has oft been talked of;   comfort you: what must be must be! Second woman   She is utterly demented.   [Calls up the hill.]   Eivind, Anders! Hei! Come here! A man's voice   What's amiss? Second woman   Peer Gynt has perched his   mother on the mill-house roof! Second Scene [A hillock, covered with bushes and heather. The highroad runs behind it; a fence between.]        [Peer Gynt comes along a footpath, goes quickly up to the fence, stops, and looks out over the stretch of country below.] Peer   There it lies, Hegstad. Soon I'll have reached it.   [Puts one leg over the fence; then hesitates.]   Wonder if Ingrid's alone in the house now?   [Shades his eyes with his hand, and looks out.]   No; to the farm guests are swarming like gnats. -   Hm, to turn back now perhaps would be wisest.   [Draws back his leg.]   Still they must titter behind your back,   and whisper so that it burns right through you.   [Moves a few steps away from the fence, and begins absently plucking leaves.]   Ah, if I'd only a good strong dram now.   Or if I could pass to and fro unseen. -   Or were I unknown.-Something proper and strong   were the best thing of all, for the laughter don't bite then. [Looks around suddenly as though afraid; then hides among the bushes. Some wedding-guests pass by, going downwards towards the farm.] A man [in conversation as they pass].   His father was drunken, his mother is weak. A woman   Ay, then it's no wonder the lad's good for nought. [They pass on. Presently Peer Gynt comes forward, his face flushed with shame. He peers after them.] Peer [softly].   Was it me they were talking of?   [With a forced shrug.]   Oh, let them chatter!   After all, they can't sneer the life out of my body.   [Casts himself down upon the heathery slope; lies for some time flat on his back with his hands under his head, gazing up into the sky.]   What a strange sort of cloud! It is just like a horse.   There's a man on it too-and saddle-and bridle. -   And after it comes an old crone on a broomstick.   [Laughs quietly to himself.]   It is mother. She's scolding and screaming: You beast!   Hei you, Peer Gynt - [His eyes gradually close.]   Ay, now she is frightened. -   Peer Gynt he rides first, and there follow him many. -   His steed it is gold-shod and crested with silver.   Himself he has gauntlets and sabre and scabbard.   His cloak it is long, and its lining is silken.   Full brave is the company riding behind him.   None of them, though, sits his charger so stoutly.   None of them glitters like him in the sunshine. -   Down by the fence stand the people in clusters,   lifting their hats, and agape gazing upwards.   Women are curtseying. All the world knows him,   Kaiser Peer Gynt, and his thousands of henchmen.   Sixpenny pieces and glittering shillings   over the roadway he scatters like pebbles.   Rich as a lord grows each man in the parish.   High over the ocean Peer Gynt goes a-riding.   Engelland's Prince on the seashore awaits him;   there too await him all Engelland's maidens.   Engelland's nobles and Engelland's Kaiser,   see him come riding and rise from their banquet.   Raising his crown, hear the Kaiser address him - Aslak the smith [to some other young men, passing along the road].   Just look at Peer Gynt there, the drunken swine -! Peer [starting half up].   What, Kaiser -! The smith [leaning against the fence and grinning].     Up with you, Peer, my lad! Peer   What the devil? The smith? What do you want here? The smith [to the others].   He hasn't got over the Lunde-spree yet. Peer [jumping up].   You'd better be off! The smith   I am going, yes.   But tell us, where have you dropped from, man?   You've been gone six weeks. Were you troll-taken, eh? Peer   I have been doing strange deeds, Aslak Smith! The smith [winking to the others].   Let us hear them, Peer! Peer   They are nought to you. The smith [after a pause].   You're going to Hegstad? Peer   No. The smith   Time was   they said that the girl there was fond of you. Peer   You grimy crow -! The smith [falling back a little].   Keep your temper, Peer!   Though Ingrid has jilted you, others are left; -   think-son of Jon Gynt! Come on to the feast;   you'll find there both lambkins and widows well on - Peer   To hell -! The smith   You will surely find one that will have you. -   Good evening! I'll give your respects to the bride. -   [They go off, laughing and whispering.] Peer [looks after them a while, then makes a defiant motion and turns half round].   For my part, may Ingrid of Hegstad go marry   whoever she pleases. It's all one to me.   [Looks down at his clothes.]   My breeches are torn. I am ragged and grim. -   If only I had something new to put on now.   [Stamps on the ground.]   If only I could, with a butcher-grip,   tear out the scorn from their very vitals!   [Looks round suddenly.]   What was that? Who was it that tittered behind there?   Hm, I certainly thought-No no, it was no one. -   I'll go home to mother.   [Begins to go upwards, but stops again and listens towards Hegstad.]   They're playing a dance!   [Gazes and listens; moves downwards step by step, his eyes glisten; he rubs his hands down his thighs.]   How the lasses do swarm! Six or eight to a man!   Oh, galloping death,-I must join in the frolic! -   But how about mother, perched up on the mill-house -   [His eyes are drawn downwards again; he leaps and laughs.]     Hei, how the Halling flies over the green!   Ay, Guttorm, he can make his fiddle speak out!   It gurgles and booms like a foss over a scaur.   And then all that glittering bevy of girls! -   Yes, galloping death, I must join in the frolic!   [Leaps over the fence and goes down the road.] clear=all> Third Scene [The farm-place at Hegstad. In the background, the dwelling-house. A throng of guests. A lively dance in progress on the green. The Fiddler sits on a table. The master-cook is standing in the doorway. Cookmaids are going to and fro between the different buildings. Groups of elderly people sit here and there, talking.] A woman [joins a group that is seated on some logs of wood].     The bride? Oh yes, she is crying a bit;   but that, you know, isn't worth heeding. The master-cook [in another group].   Now then, good folk, you must empty the barrel. A man   Thanks to you, friend; but you fill up too quick. A lad [to the fiddler as he flies past, holding a girl by the hand].   To it now, Guttorm, and don't spare the fiddlestrings! The girl   Scrape till it echoes out over the meadows! Other girls [standing in a ring round a lad who is dancing].     That's a rare fling! A girl   He has legs that can lift him! The lad [dancing].   The roof here is high, and the walls wide asunder! The bridegroom [comes whimpering up to his father, who is standing talking with some other men, and twitches his jacket].     Father, she will not; she is so proud! His father   What won't she do? The bridegroom   She has locked herself in. His father   Well, you must manage to find the key. The bridegroom   I don't know how. His father   You're a nincompoop!   [Turns away to the others. The bridegroom drifts across the yard.] A lad [comes from behind the house].   Wait a bit, girls! Things 'll soon be lively!   Here comes Peer Gynt. The smith [who has just come up].   Who invited him? The master-cook   No one.   [Goes towards the house.] The smith [to the girls].   If he should speak to you, never take notice! A girl [to the others].   No, we'll pretend that we don't even see him. Peer Gynt [comes in heated and full of animation, stops right in front of the group, and claps his hands].   Which is the liveliest girl of the lot of you? A girl [as he approaches her].   I am not. Another [similarly].   I am not. A third   No; nor I either. Peer [to a fourth].   You come along, then, for want of a better. The girl   Haven't got time. Peer [to a fifth].   Well then, you! The girl [going].   I'm for home. Peer   Tonight? are you utterly out of your senses? The smith [after a moment, in a low voice].   See, Peer, she's taken a greybeard for partner. Peer [turns sharply to an elderly man].   Where are the unbespoke girls? The man   Find them out.   [Goes away from him.] [Peer Gynt has suddenly become subdued. He glances shyly and furtively at the group. All look at him, but no one speaks. He approaches other groups. Wherever he goes there is silence; when he moves away, they look after him and smile.] Peer [to himself].   Mocking looks; needle-keen whispers and smiles.   They grate like a sawblade under the file! [He slinks along close to the fence. Solveig, leading little Helga by the hand, comes into the yard, along with her parents.] A man [to another, close to Peer Gynt].   Look, here are the new folk. The other   The ones from the west? The first man   Ay, the people from Hedal. The other   Ah yes, so they are. Peer [places himself in the path of the new-comers, points to Solveig, and asks the father:]   May I dance with your daughter? The father [quietly].   You may so; but first we must go to the farm-house and greet the good people.   [They go in.] The master-cook [to Peer Gynt, offering him drink].     Since you are here, you'd best take a pull at the liquor. Peer [looking fixedly after the new-comers].   Thanks; I'm for dancing; I am not athirst.   [The master-cook goes away from him. Peer Gynt gazes towards the house and laughs.]   How fair! Did ever you see the like?   Looked down at her shoes and her snow-white-apron -!   And then she held on to her mother's skirt-folds,   and carried a psalm-book wrapped up in a kerchief -!   I must look at that girl.   [Going into the house.] A lad [coming out of the house, with several others].     Are you off so soon, Peer,   from the dance? Peer   No, no. The lad   Then you're heading amiss!   [Takes hold of his shoulder to turn him round.] Peer   Let me pass! The lad   I believe you're afraid of the smith. Peer   I afraid! The lad   You remember what happened at Lunde?   [They go off, laughing, to the dancing-green.] Solveig [in the doorway of the house].   Are you not the lad that was wanting to dance? Peer   Of course it was me; don't you know me again?   [Takes her hand.]   Come, then! Solveig   We mustn't go far, mother said. Peer   Mother said! Mother said! Were you born yesterday? Solveig   Now you're laughing -! Peer   Why sure, you are almost a child.   Are you grown up? Solveig   I read with the pastor last spring. Peer   Tell me your name, lass, and then we'll talk easier. Solveig   My name is Solveig. And what are you called? Peer   Peer Gynt. Solveig [withdrawing her hand].   Oh heaven! Peer   Why, what is it now? Solveig   My garter is loose; I must tie it up tighter.   [Goes away from him.] The bridegroom [pulling at his mother's gown].   Mother, she will not -! His mother   She will not? What? The bridegroom   She won't, mother - His mother   What? The bridegroom   Unlock the door. His father [angrily, below his breath].   Oh, you're only fit to be tied in a stall! His mother   Don't scold him. Poor dear, he'll be all right yet.   [They move away.] A lad [coming with a whole crowd of others from the dancing-green].   Peer, have some brandy? Peer   No. The lad   Only a drain? Peer [looking darkly at him].   Got any? The lad   Well, I won't say but I have.   [Pulls out a pocket-flask and drinks.]   Ah! How it stings your throat! - Well? Peer [Drinks.]   Let me try it. Another lad   Now you must try mine as well, you know. Peer   No! The lad   Oh, nonsense; now don't be a fool.   Take a pull, Peer! Peer   Well then, give me a drop.   [Drinks again.] A girl [half aloud].   Come, let's be going. Peer   Afraid of me, wench? A third lad   Who isn't afraid of you? A fourth   At Lunde   you showed us clearly what tricks you could play. Peer   I can do more than that, when once I get started! The first lad [whispering].   Now he's getting into swing! Several others [forming a circle around him].   Tell away! Tell away!   What can you -? Peer   Tomorrow -! Others   No, now, tonight! A girl   Can you conjure, Peer? Peer   I can call up the devil! A man   My grandam could do that before I was born! Peer   Liar! What I can do, that no one else can.   I one day conjured him into a nut.   It was worm-bored, you see! Several [laughing].   Ay, that's easily guessed! Peer   He cursed, and he wept, and he wanted to bribe me   with all sorts of things - One of the crowd   But he had to go in? Peer   Of course. I stopped up the hole with a peg.   Hei! If you'd heard him rumbling and grumbling! A girl   Only think! Peer   It was just like a humble-bee buzzing. The girl   Have you got him still in the nut? Peer   Why, no;   by this time that devil has flown on his way.   The grudge the smith bears me is all his doing. A lad   Indeed? Peer   I went to the smithy, and begged   that he would crack that same nutshell for me.   He promised he would! - laid it down on his anvil;   but Aslak, you know, is so heavy of hand; -   for ever swinging that great sledge-hammer - A voice from the crowd   Did he kill the foul fiend? Peer   He laid on like a man.   But the devil showed fight, and tore off in a flame   through the roof, and shattered the wall asunder. Several voices   And the smith -? Peer   Stood there with his hands all scorched.   And from that day onwards, we've never been friends.   [General laughter.] Some of the crowd   That yarn is a good one. Others   About his best. Peer   Do you think I am making it up? A man   Oh no,   that you're certainly not; for I've heard the most on't   from my grandfather - Peer   Liar! It happened to me! The man   Yes, like everything else. Peer [with a fling].   I can ride, I can,   clean through the air, on the bravest of steeds!   Oh, many's the thing I can do, I tell you!   [Another roar of laughter.] One of the group   Peer, ride through the air a bit! Many   Do, dear Peer Gynt -! Peer   You may spare you the trouble of begging so hard.   I will ride like a hurricane over you all!   Every man in the parish shall fall at my feet! An elderly man   Now he is clean off his head. Another   The dolt! A third   Braggart! A fourth   Liar! Peer [threatening them].   Ay, wait till you see! A man [half drunk].   Ay, wait; you'll soon get your jacket dusted! Others   Your back beaten tender! Your eyes painted blue! [The crowd disperses, the elder men angry, the younger laughing and jeering.] The bridegroom [close to Peer Gynt].   Peer, is it true you can ride through the air? Peer [shortly].   It's all true, Mads! You must know I'm a rare one! The bridegroom   Then have you got the Invisible Cloak too? Peer   The Invisible Hat, do you mean? Yes, I have. [Turns away from him. Solveig crosses the yard, leading little Helga.] Peer [goes towards them; his face lights up].   Solveig! Oh, it is well you have come!   [Takes hold of her wrist.]   Now will I swing you round fast and fine! Solveig   Loose me! Peer   Wherefore? Solveig   You are so wild. Peer   The reindeer is wild, too, when summer is dawning.   Come then, lass; do not be wayward now! Solveig [withdrawing her arm].   Dare not. Peer   Wherefore? Solveig   No, you've been drinking.   [Moves off with Helga.] Peer   Oh, if I had but my knife-blade driven   clean through the heart of them, - one and all! The bridegroom [nudging him with his elbow].   Peer, can't you help me to get at the bride? Peer [absently].   The bride? Where is she? The bridegroom   In the store-house. Peer   Ah. The bridegroom   Oh, dear Peer Gynt, you must try at least! Peer   No, you must get on without my help.   [A thought strikes him; he says softly but sharply:]   Ingrid! The store-house!   [Goes up to Solveig.]   Have you thought better on't?   [Solveig tries to go; he blocks her path.]   You're ashamed to, because I've the look of a tramp. Solveig [hastily].   No, that you haven't; that's not true at all! Peer   Yes! And I've taken a drop as well;   but that was to spite you, because you had hurt me.   Come then! Solveig   Even if I would now, I daren't. Peer   Who are you frightened of? Solveig   Father, most. Peer   Father? Ay, ay; he is one of the quiet ones!   One of the godly, eh? - Answer, come! Solveig   What shall I say? Peer   Is your father a psalm-singer?   And you and your mother as well, no doubt?   Come, will you speak? Solveig   Let me go in peace. Peer   No!   [In a low but sharp and threatening tone.]   I can turn myself into a troll!   I'll come to your bedside at midnight tonight.   If you should hear some one hissing and spitting,   you mustn't imagine it's only the cat.   It's me, lass! I'll drain out your blood in a cup,   and your little sister, I'll eat her up;   ay, you must know I'm a werewolf at night; -   I'll bite you all over the loins and the back -   [Suddenly changes his tone, and entreats, as if in dread:]     Dance with me, Solveig! Solveig [looking darkly at him].   Then you were grim.   [Goes into the house.] The bridegroom [comes sidling up again].   I'll give you an ox if you'll help me! Peer   Then come!   [They go out behind the house. At the same moment a crowd of men come up from the dancing-green; most of them are drunk. Noise and hubbub. Solveig, Helga, and their parents appear among a number of elderly people in the doorway.] The master-cook [to the smith, who is the foremost of the crowd].   Keep peace now! The smith [pulling off his jacket].   No, we must fight it out here.   Peer Gynt or I must be taught a lesson. Some voices   Ay, let them fight for it! Others   No, only wrangle! The smith   Fists must decide; for the case is past words. Solveig's father   Control yourself, man! Helga   Will they beat him, mother? A lad   Let us rather tease him with all his lies! Another   Kick him out of the company! A third   Spit in his eyes! A fourth [to the smith].   You're not backing out, smith? The smith [flinging away his jacket].   The jade shall be slaughtered! Solveig's mother [to Solveig].   There, you can see how that windbag is thought of. Aase [coming up with a stick in her hand].   Is that son of mine here? Now he's in for a drubbing!   Oh! how heartily I will dang him! The smith [rolling up his shirt-sleeves].   That switch is too light for a carcass like his.   The smith will dang him! Others   Bang him! The smith [spits on his hands and nods to Aase].   Hang him! Aase   What? Hang my Peer? Ay, just try if you dare; -   Ase and I, we have teeth and claws! -   Where is he? [Calls across the yard:] Peer! The bridegroom [comes running up].   Oh, God's death on the cross!   Come father, come mother, and -! His father   What is the matter? The bridegroom   Just fancy, Peer Gynt -! Aase [screams].   Have they taken his life? The bridegroom   No, but Peer Gynt -! Look, there on the hillside -! The crowd   With the bride! Aase [lets her stick sink].   Oh, the beast! The smith [as if thunderstruck].   Where the slope rises sheerest   he's clambering upwards, by God, like a goat! The bridegroom [crying].   He's shouldered her, mother, as I might a pig! Aase [shaking her fist up at him].   Would God you might fall, and -!   [Screams out in terror.]   Take care of your footing! The Hegstad farmer [comes in, bare-headed and white with rage].   I'll have his life for this bride-rape yet! Aase   Oh no, God punish me if I let you! height="23" align="left"> Second Act First Scene [A narrow path, high up in the mountains. Early morning.]        [Peer Gynt comes hastily and sullenly along the path. Ingrid, still wearing some of her bridal ornaments, is trying to hold him back.] Peer   Get you from me! Ingrid [weeping].   After this, Peer?   Whither? Peer   Where you will for me. Ingrid [wringing her hands].   Oh, what falsehood! Peer   Useless railing.   Each alone must go his way. Ingrid   Sin - and sin again unites us! Peer   Devil take all recollections!   Devil take the tribe of women -   all but one -! Ingrid   Who is that one, pray? Peer   'Tis not you. Ingrid   Who is it then? Peer   Go! Go thither whence you came!   Off! To your father! Ingrid   Dearest, sweetest - Peer   Peace! Ingrid   You cannot mean it, surely,   what you're saying? Peer   Can and do. Ingrid   First to lure - and then forsake me! Peer   And what terms have you to offer? Ingrid   Hegstad Farm, and more besides. Peer   Is your psalm-book in your kerchief?   Where's the gold-mane on your shoulders?   Do you glance adown your apron?   Do you hold your mother's skirt-fold?   Speak! Ingrid   No, but - Peer   Went you to the pastor   this last spring-tide? Ingrid   No, but Peer - Peer   Is there shyness in your glances?   When I beg, can you deny? Ingrid   Heaven! I think his wits are going! Peer   Does your presence sanctify?   Speak! Ingrid   No, but - Peer   What's all the rest then?   [Going.] Ingrid [blocking his way].   Know you it will cost your neck   should you fail me? Peer   What do I care? Ingrid   You may win both wealth and honour   if you take me - Peer   Can't afford. Ingrid [bursting into tears].   Oh, you lured me -! Peer   You were willing. Ingrid   I was desperate! Peer   Frantic I. Ingrid [threatening].   Dearly shall you pay for this! Peer   Dearest payment cheap I'll reckon. Ingrid   Is your purpose set? Peer   Like flint. Ingrid   Good! we'll see, then, who's the winner!   [Goes downwards.] Peer [stands silent a moment, then cries:]   Devil take all recollections!   Devil take the tribe of women! Ingrid [turning her head, and calling mockingly upwards:]   All but one! Peer   Yes, all but one.   [They go their several ways.] Second Scene [Near a mountain tarn; the ground is soft and marshy round about. A storm is gathering.]        [Aase enters, calling and gazing around her despairingly, in every direction. Solveig has difficulty in keeping up with her. Solveig's father and mother, with Helga, are some way behind.] Aase [tossing about her arms, and tearing her hair].     All things are against me with wrathful might!   Heaven, and the waters, and the grisly mountains!   Fog-scuds from heaven roll down to bewilder him!   The treacherous waters are lurking to murder him!   The mountains would crush him with landslip and rift! -   And the people too! They're out after his life!   God knows they shan't have it! I can't bear to lose him!   Oh, the oaf! to think that the fiend should tempt him!   [Turning to Solveig.]   Now isn't it clean unbelievable this?   He, that did nought but romance and tell lies; -   he, whose sole strength was the strength of his jaw;   he, that did never a stroke of true work; -   he -! Oh, a body could both cry and laugh! -   Oh, we clung closely in sorrow and need.   Ay, you must know that my husband, he drank,   loafed round the parish to roister and prate,   wasted and trampled our gear under foot.   And meanwhile at home there sat Peerkin and I -   the best we could do was to try to forget;   for ever I've found it so hard to bear up.   It's a terrible thing to look fate in the eyes;   and of course one is glad to be quit of one's cares,   and try all one can to keep thought far away.   Some take to brandy, and others to lies;   and we-why we took to fairy-tales   of princes and trolls and of all sorts of beasts;   and of bride-rapes as well. Ah, but who could have dreamt   that those devil's yarns would have stuck in his head?   [In a fresh access of terror.]   Hu! What a scream! It's the nixie or droug!   Peer! Peer! - Up there on that hillock -!   [She runs to the top of a little rise, and looks out over the tarn. Solveig's father and mother come up.] Aase   Not a sign to be seen! The father [quietly].   It is worst for him! Aase [weeping].   Oh, my Peer! Oh, my own lost lamb! The father [nods mildly].   You may well say lost. Aase   Oh no, don't talk like that!   He is so clever. There's no one like him. The father   You foolish woman! Aase   Oh ay; oh ay;   foolish I am, but the boy's all right! The father [still softly and with mild eyes].   His heart is hardened, his soul is lost. Aase [in terror].   No, no, he can't be so hard, our Lord! The father   Do you think he can sigh for his debt of sin? Aase [eagerly].   No, but he can ride through the air on a buck, though! The mother   Christ, are you mad? The father   Why, what do you mean? Aase   Never a deed is too great for him.   You shall see, if only he lives so long - The father   Best if you saw him on the gallows hanging. Aase [shrieks].   Oh, cross of Christ! The father   In the hangman's hands,   it may be his heart would be turned to repentance. Aase [bewildered].   Oh, you'll soon talk me out of my senses!   We must find him! The father   To rescue his soul. Aase   And his body!   If he's stuck in the swamp, we must drag him out;   if he's taken by trolls, we must ring the bells for him. The father   Hm! - Here's a sheep-path - Aase   The Lord will repay you   your guidance and help! The father   It's a Christian's duty. Aase   Then the others, fie! they are heathens all;   there wasn't one that would go with us - The father   They knew him too well. Aase   He was too good for them!   [Wrings her hands.]   And to think - and to think that his life is at stake! The father   Here are tracks of a man. Aase   Then it's here we must search! The father   We'll scatter around on this side of our saeter.   [He and his wife go on ahead.] Solveig [to Aase].   Say on; tell me more. Aase [drying her eyes].   Of my son, you mean? Solveig   Yes; -   Tell everything! Aase [smiles and tosses her head].   Everything? - Soon you'd be tired! Solveig   Sooner by far will you tire of the telling   than I of the hearing. Third Scene [Low, treeless heights, close under the mountain moorlands; peaks in the distance. The shadows are long; it is late in the day.]        [Peer Gynt comes running at full speed, and stops short on the hillside.] Peer   The parish is all at my heels in a pack!   Every man of them armed or with gun or with club.   Foremost I hear the old Hegstad-churl howling. -   Now it's noised far and wide that Peer Gynt is abroad!   It is different, this, from a bout with a smith!   This is life! Every limb grows as strong as a bear's.   [Strikes out with his arms and leaps in the air.]   To crush, overturn, stem the rush of the foss!   To strike! Wrench the fir-tree right up by the root!   This is life! This both hardens and lifts one high!   To hell then with all of the savourless lies! Three saeter girls [rush across the hillside, screaming and singing].   Trond of the Valfjeld! Bard and Kare!   Troll-pack! Tonight would you sleep in our arms? Peer   To whom are you calling? The girls   To the trolls! to the trolls! First girl   Trond, come with kindness! Second girl   Bard, come with force! Third girl   The cots in the saeter are all standing empty! First girl   Force is kindness! Second girl   And kindness is force! Third girl   If lads are awanting, one plays with the trolls! Peer   Why, where are the lads, then? All three [with a horse-laugh].   They cannot come hither! First girl   Mine called me his sweetheart and called me his darling.   Now he has married a grey-headed widow. Second girl   Mine met a gipsy-wench north on the upland.   Now they are tramping the country together. Third girl   Mine put an end to our bastard brat.   Now his head's grinning aloft on a stake. All three   Trond of the Valfjeld! Bard and Kare!   Troll-pack! Tonight would you sleep in our arms? Peer [stands, with a sudden leap, in the midst of them].     I'm a three-headed troll, and the boy for three girls! The girls   Are you such a lad, eh? Peer   You shall judge for yourselves! First girl   To the hut! To the hut! Second girl   We have mead! Peer   Let it flow! Third girl   No cot shall stand empty this Saturday night! Second girl [kissing him].   He sparkles and glisters like white-heated iron. Third girl [doing likewise].   Like a baby's eyes from the blackest tarn. Peer [dancing in the midst of them].   Heavy of heart and wanton of mind.   The eyes full of laughter, the throat of tears! The girls [making mocking gestures towards the mountain-tops, screaming and singing].   Trond of the Valfjeld! Bard and Kare!   Troll-pack!-Tonight will you sleep in our arms? [They dance away over the heights, with Peer Gynt in their midst.] clear=all> Fourth Scene [Among the Ronde mountains. Sunset. Shining snowpeaks all around.]         [Peer Gynt enters, dizzy and bewildered.] Peer   Tower over tower arises!   Hei, what a glittering gate!   Stand! Will you stand! It's drifting   further and further away!   High on the vane the cock stands   lifting his wings for flight; -   blue spread the rifts and bluer,   locked is the fell and barred. -   What are those trunks and tree-roots,   that grow from the ridge's clefts?   They are warriors heron-footed!   Now they, too, are fading away.   A shimmering like rainbow-streamers   goes shooting through eyes and brain.   What is it, that far-off chiming?   What's weighing my eyebrows down?   Hu, how my forehead's throbbing -   a tightening red-hot ring -!   I cannot think who the devil   has bound it around my head!   [Sinks down.]   Flight over the Edge of Gendin -   stuff and accursed lies!   Up over the steepest hill-wall   with the bride,-and a whole day drunk;   hunted by hawks and falcons,   threatened by trolls and such,   sporting with crazy wenches: -   lies and accursed stuff!   [Gazes long upwards.]   Yonder sail two brown eagles.   Southward the wild geese fly.   And here I must splash and stumble   in quagmire and filth knee-deep!   [Springs up.]   I'll fly too! I will wash myself clean in   the bath of the keenest winds!   I'll fly high! I will plunge myself fair in   the glorious christening-font!   I will soar far over the saeter;   I will ride myself pure of soul;   I will forth over the salt sea waters,   and high over Engelland's prince!   Ay, gaze as ye may, young maidens;   my ride is for none of you;   you're wasting your time in waiting -!   Yet maybe I'll swoop down, too. -   What has come of the two brown eagles-?   They've vanished, the devil knows where! -   There's the peak of a gable rising;   it's soaring on every hand:   it's growing from out the ruins; -   see, the gateway is standing wide!   Ha-ha, yonder house, I know it;   it's grandfather's new-built farm!   Gone are the clouts from the windows;   the crazy old fence is gone.   The lights gleam from every casement;   there's a feast in the hall tonight.   There, that was the provost clinking   the back of his knife on his glass; -   there's the captain flinging his bottle,   and shivering the mirror to bits. -   Let them waste; let it all be squandered!   Peace, mother; what need we care!   'Tis the rich Jon Gynt gives the banquet;   hurrah for the race of Gynt!   What's all this bustle and hubbub?   Why do they shout and bawl?   The captain is calling the son in; -   oh, the provost would drink my health.   In then, Peer Gynt, to the judgment;   it rings forth in song and shout:   Peer Gynt, you are come of great things,   and great things shall come of thee! [Leaps forward, but runs his head against a rock, falls, and remains stretched on the ground.] Fifth Scene [A hillside, wooded with great soughing trees. Stars are gleaming through the leaves; birds are singing in the tree-tops.]         [A green-clad woman is crossing the hillside; Peer Gynt follows her, with all sorts of lover-like antics.] The green-clad one [stops and turns round].   Is it true? Peer [drawing his finger across his throat].   As true as my name is Peer; -   as true as that you are a lovely woman!   Will you have me? You'll see what a fine man I'll be;   you shall neither tread the loom nor turn the spindle.   You shall eat all you want, till you're ready to burst.   I never will drag you about by the hair - The green-clad one   Nor beat me? Peer   No, can you think I would?   We kings' sons never beat women and such. The green-clad one   You're a king's son? Peer   Yes. The green-clad one   I'm the Dovre-King's daughter. Peer   Are you? See there, now, how well that fits in! The green-clad one   Deep in the Ronde has father his palace. Peer   My mother's is bigger, or much I'm mistaken. The green-clad one   Do you know my father? His name is King Brose. Peer   Do you know my mother? Her name is Queen Ase. The green-clad one   When my father is angry the mountains are riven. Peer   They reel when my mother by chance falls a-scolding. The green-clad one   My father can kick e'en the loftiest roof-tree. Peer   My mother can ride through the rapidest river. The green-clad one   Have you other garments besides those rags? Peer   Ho, you should just see my Sunday clothes! The green-clad one   My week-day gown is of gold and silk. Peer   It looks to me liker tow and straws. The green-clad one   Ay, there is one thing you must remember: -   this is the Ronde-folk's use and wont:   all our possessions have twofold form.   When you shall come to my father's hall,   it well may chance that you're on the point   of thinking you stand in a dismal moraine. Peer   Well now, with us it's precisely the same.   Our gold will seem to you litter and trash!   And you'll think, mayhap, every glittering pane   is nought but a bunch of old stockings and clouts. The green-clad one   Black it seems white, and ugly seems fair. Peer   Big it seems little, and dirty seems clean. The green-clad one [falling on his neck].   Ay, Peer, now I see that we fit, you and I! Peer   Like the leg and the trouser, the hair and the comb. The green-clad one [calls away over the hillside].     Bridal-steed! Bridal-steed! bridal-steed mine!   [A gigantic pig comes running in with a rope's end for a bridle and an old sack for a saddle. Peer Gynt vaults on its back, and seats the green-clad one in front of him.] Peer   Hark-away! Through the Ronde-gate gallop we in!   Gee-up, gee-up, my courser fine! The green-clad one [tenderly].   Ah, but lately I wandered and moped and pined-.   One never can tell what may happen to one! Peer [thrashing the pig and trotting off].   You may know the great by their riding-gear! Sixth Scene [The Royal Hall of the King of the Dovre-Trolls. A great assembly of troll-courtiers, gnomes, and brownies. the old man of the Dovre sits on the throne, crowned, and with his sceptre in his hand. His children and nearest relations are ranged on both sides. Peer Gynt stands before him. Violent commotion in the hall.] The troll-courtiers   Slay him! a Christian-man's son has deluded   the Dovre-King's loveliest maid! A troll-imp   May I hack him on the fingers? Another   May I tug him by the hair? A troll-maiden   Hu, hei, let me bite him in the haunches! A troll-witch [with a ladle].   Shall he be boiled into broth and bree? Another troll-witch [with a chopper].   Shall he roast on a spit or be browned in a stewpan? The old man of the Dovre   Ice to your blood, friends!   [Beckons his counsellors nearer around him.]   Don't let us talk big.   We've been drifting astern in these latter years;   we can't tell what's going to stand or to fall,   and there's no sense in turning recruits away.   Besides the lad's body has scarce a blemish,   and he's strongly-built too, if I see aright.   It's true, he has only a single head;   but my daughter, too, has no more than one.   Three-headed trolls are going clean out of fashion;   one hardly sees even a two-header now,   and even those heads are but so-so ones.   [To Peer Gynt.]   It's my daughter, then, you demand of me? Peer   Your daughter and the realm to her dowry, yes. The old man   You shall have the half while I'm still alive,   and the other half when I come to die. Peer   I'm content with that. The old man   Ay, but stop, my lad; -   you also have some undertakings to give.   If you break even one, the whole pact's at an end,   and you'll never get away from here living.   First of all you must swear that you'll never give heed   to aught that lies outside Ronde-hills' bounds;   day you must shun, and deeds, and each sunlit spot. Peer   Only call me king, and that's easy to keep. The old man   And next-now for putting your wits to the test.   [Draws himself up in his seat.] The oldest troll-courtier [to Peer Gynt].   Let us see if you have a wisdom-tooth   that can crack the Dovre-King's riddle-nut! The old man   What difference is there 'twixt trolls and men? Peer   No difference at all, as it seems to me.   Big trolls would roast you and small trolls would claw you; -     with us it were likewise, if only they dared. The old man   True enough; in that and in more we're alike.   Yet morning is morning, and even is even,   and there is a difference all the same. -   Now let me tell you wherein it lies:   Out yonder, under the shining vault,   among men the saying goes: "Man, be yourself!"   At home here with us, 'mid the tribe of the trolls,   the saying goes: "Troll, to yourself be-enough!" The troll-courtier [to Peer Gynt].   Can you fathom the depth? Peer   It strikes me as misty. The old man   My son, that "Enough," that most potent and sundering   word, must be graven upon your escutcheon. Peer [scratching his head].   Well, but - The old man   It must, if you here would be master! Peer   Oh well, let it pass; after all, it's no worse - The old man   And next you must learn to appreciate   our homely, everyday way of life.   [He beckons; two trolls with pigs'-heads, white night-caps, and so forth, bring in food and drink.]   The cow gives cakes and the bullock mead;   ask not if its taste be sour or sweet;   the main matter is, and you mustn't forget it,   it's all of it home-brewed. Peer [pushing the things away from him].   The devil fly off with your home-brewed drinks!   I'll never get used to the ways of this land. The old man   The bowl's given in, and it's fashioned of gold.   Whoso owns the gold bowl, him my daughter holds dear. Peer [pondering].   It is written: You shall bridle the natural man; -   and I daresay the drink may in time seem less sour.   So be it!   [Complies.] The old man   Ay, that was sagaciously said.   You spit? Peer   One must trust to the force of habit. The old man   And next you must throw off your Christian-man's garb;   for this you must know to our Dovre's renown:   here all things are mountain-made, nought's from the dale,   except the silk bow at the end of your tail. Peer [indignant].   I haven't a tail! The old man   Then of course you must get one.   See my Sunday-tail, Chamberlain, fastened to him. Peer   I'll be hanged if you do! Would you make me a fool! The old man   None comes courting my child with no tail at his rear. Peer   Make a beast of a man! The old man   Nay, my son, you mistake;   I make you a mannerly wooer, no more.   A bright orange bow we'll allow you to wear,   and that passes here for the highest of honours. Peer [reflectively].   It's true, as the saying goes: Man's but a mote.   And it's wisest to follow the fashion a bit.   Tie away! The old man   You're a tractable fellow, I see. The countier   Just try with what grace you can waggle and whisk it! Peer [peevishly].   Ha, would you force me to go still further?   Do you ask me to give up my Christian faith? The old man   No, that you are welcome to keep in peace.   Doctrine goes free; upon that there's no duty;   it's the outward cut one must tell a troll by.   If we're only at one in our manners and dress,   you may hold as your faith what to us is a horror. Peer   Why, in spite of your many conditions, you are   a more reasonable chap than one might have expected. The old man   We troll-folk, my son, are less black than we're painted;   that's another distinction between you and us. -   But the serious part of the meeting is over;   now let us gladden our ears and our eyes.   Music-maid, forth! Set the Dovre-harp sounding!   Dancing-maid, forth! Tread the Dovre-hall's floor!   [Music and a dance.] The courtier   How like you it? Peer   Like it? Hm - The old man   Speak without fear!   What see you? Peer   Why, something unspeakably grim:   a bell-cow with her hoof on a gut-harp strumming,   a sow in socklets a-trip to the tune. The courtiers   Eat him! The old man   His sense is but human, remember! Troll-maidens   Hu, tear away both his ears and his eyes! The green-clad one [weeping].   Hu-hu! And this we must hear and put up with,   when I and my sister make music and dance. Peer   Oho, was it you? Well, a joke at the feast,   you must know, is never unkindly meant. The green-clad one   Can you swear it was so? Peer   Both the dance and the music   were utterly charming, the cat claw me else. The old man   This same human nature's a singular thing;   it sticks to people so strangely long.   If it gets a gash in the fight with us,   it heals up at once, though a scar may remain.   My son-in-law, now, is as pliant as any;   he's willingly thrown off his Christian-man's garb,   he's willingly drunk from our chalice of mead,   he's willingly tied on the tail to his back, -   so willing, in short, did we find him in all things,   I thought to myself the old Adam, for certain,   had for good and all been kicked out of doors;   but lo! in two shakes he's atop again!   Ay ay, my son, we must treat you, I see,   to cure this pestilent human nature. Peer   What will you do? The old man   In your left eye, first,   I'll scratch you a bit, till you see awry;   but all that you see will seem fine and brave.   And then I'll just cut your right window-pane out - Peer   Are you drunk? The old man [lays a number of sharp instruments on the table].   See, here are the glazier's tools.   Blinkers you'll wear, like a raging bull.   Then you'll recognise that your bride is lovely, -   and never will your vision be troubled, as now,   with bell-cows harping and sows that dance. Peer   This is madman's talk! The oldest courtier   It's the Dovre-King speaking;   it's he that is wise, and it's you that are crazy! The old man   Just think how much worry and mortification   you'll thus escape from, year out, year in.   You must remember, your eyes are the fountain   of the bitter and searing lye of tears. Peer   That's true; and it says in our sermon-book:   If thine eye offend thee, then pluck it out.   But tell me, when will my sight heal up   into human sight? The old man   Nevermore, my friend. Peer   Indeed! In that case, I'll take my leave. The old man   What would you without? Peer   I would go my way. The old man   No, stop! It's easy to slip in here,   but the Dovre-King's gate doesn't open outwards. Peer   You wouldn't detain me by force, I hope? The old man   Come now, just listen to reason, Prince Peer!   You have gifts for trolldom. He acts, does he not,   even now in a passably troll-like fashion?   And you'd fain be a troll? Peer   Yes, I would, sure enough.   For a bride and a well-managed kingdom to boot,   I can put up with losing a good many things.   But there is a limit to all things on earth.   The tail I've accepted, it's perfectly true;   but no doubt I can loose what the Chamberlain tied.   My breeches I've dropped; they were old and patched;   but no doubt I can button them on again.   And lightly enough I can slip my cable   from these your Dovrefied ways of life.   I am willing to swear that a cow is a maid;   an oath one can always eat up again: -   but to know that one never can free oneself,   that one can't even die like a decent soul;   to live as a hill-troll for all one's days -   to feel that one never can beat a retreat, -   as the book has it, that's what your heart is set on;   but that is a thing I can never agree to. The old man   Now, sure as I live, I shall soon lose my temper;   and then I am not to be trifled with.   You pasty-faced loon! Do you know who I am?   First with my daughter you make too free - Peer   There you lie in your throat! The old man   You must marry her. Peer   Do you dare to accuse me-? The old man   What? Can you deny   that you lusted for her in heart and eye? Peer [with a snort of contempt].   No more? Who the deuce cares a straw for that? The old man   It's ever the same with this humankind.   The spirit you're ready to own with your lips,   but in fact nothing counts that your fists cannot handle.   So you really think, then, that lust matters nought?   Wait; you shall soon have ocular proof of it - Peer   You don't catch me with a bait of lies! The green-clad one   My Peer, ere the year's out, you'll be a father. Peer   Open doors! let me go! The old man   In a he-goat's skin,   you shall have the brat after you. Peer [mopping the sweat off his brow].   Would I could waken! The old man   Shall we send him to the palace? Peer   You can send him to the parish! The old man   Well well, Prince Peer; that's your own look-out.   But one thing's certain, what's done is done;   and your offspring, too, will be sure to grow;   such mongrels shoot up amazingly fast - Peer   Old man, don't act like a headstrong ox!   Hear reason, maiden! Let's come to terms.   You must know I'm neither a prince nor rich; -   and whether you measure or whether you weigh me,   be sure you won't gain much by making me yours. [The green-clad one is taken ill, and is carried out by troll-maids.] The old man [looks at him for a while in high disdain; then says:]   Dash him to shards on the rock-walls, children! The troll-imps   Oh dad, mayn't we play owl-and-eagle first!   The wolf-game! Grey-mouse and glow-eyed cat! The old man   Yes, but quick. I am worried and sleepy. Good-night!   [He goes.] Peer [hunted by the troll-imps].   Let me be, devil's imps!   [Tries to escape up the chimney.] The imps   Come brownies! Come nixies!   Bite him behind! Peer   Ow!   [Tries to slip down the cellar trap-door.] The imps   Shut up all the crannies! The troll-courtier   Now the small-fry are happy! Peer [struggling with a little imp that has bit himself fast to his ear].   Let go, will you, beast! The courtier [hitting him across the fingers].   Gently, you scamp, with a scion of royalty! Peer   A rat-hole -!   [Runs to it.] The imps   Be quick, Brother Nixie, and block it! Peer   The old one was bad, but the youngsters are worse! The imps   Slash him! Peer   Oh, would I were small as a mouse!   [Rushing around.] The imps [swarming round him].   Close the ring! Close the ring! Peer [weeping].   Would that I were a louse!   [He falls.] The imps   Now into his eyes! Peer [buried in a heap of imps].   Mother, help me, I die!   [Church-bells sound far away.] The imps   Bells in the mountain! The Black-Frock's cows!   [The trolls take to flight, amid a confused uproar of yells and shrieks. The palace collapses; everything disappears.] Seventh Scene [Pitch darkness.]        [Peer Gynt is heard beating and slashing about him with a large bough.] Peer   Answer! Who are you? A voice in the darkness   Myself. Peer   Clear the way! The voice   Go roundabout, Peer! The hill's roomy enough. Peer [tries to force a passage at another place, but strikes against something].   Who are you? The voice   Myself. Can you say the same? Peer   I can say what I will; and my sword can smite!   Mind yourself! Hu, hei, now the blow falls crushing!   King Saul slew hundreds; Peer Gynt slew thousands!   [Cutting and slashing.]   Who are you? The voice   Myself. Peer   That stupid reply   you may spare; it doesn't clear up the matter.   What are you? The voice   The great Boyg. Peer   Ah, indeed!   The riddle was black; now I'd call it grey.   Clear the way then, Boyg! The voice   Go roundabout, Peer! Peer   No, through!   [Cuts and slashes.]   There he fell!   [Tries to advance, but strikes against something.]   Ho ho, are there more here? The voice   The Boyg, Peer Gynt! the one only one.   It's the Boyg that's unwounded, and the Boyg that was hurt,   it's the Boyg that is dead, and the Boyg that's alive. Peer [throws away the branch].   The weapon is troll-smeared; but I have my fists!   [Fights his way forward.] The voice   Ay, trust to your fists, lad, trust to your body.   Hee-hee, Peer Gynt, so you'll reach the summit. Peer [falling back again].   Forward or back, and it's just as far; -   out or in, and it's just as strait!   He is there! And there! And he's round the bend!   No sooner I'm out than I'm back in the ring. -   Name who you are! Let me see you! What are you? The voice   The Boyg. Peer [groping around].   Not dead, not living; all slimy; misty.   Not so much as a shape! It's as bad as to battle   in a cluster of snarling, half-wakened bears!   [Screams.]   Strike back at me, can't you! The voice   The Boyg isn't mad. Peer   Strike! The voice   The Boyg strikes not. Peer   Fight! You shall! The voice   The great Boyg conquers, but does not fight. Peer   Were there only a nixie here that could prick me!   Were there only as much as a year-old troll!   Only something to fight with. But here there is nothing. -   Now he's snoring! Boyg! The voice   What's your will? Peer   Use force! The voice   The great Boyg conquers in all things without it. Peer [biting his own arms and hands].   Claws and ravening teeth in my flesh!   I must feel the drip of my own warm blood.   [A sound is heard like the wing-strokes of great birds.] Bird-cries   Comes he now, Boyg? The voice   Ay, step by step. Bird-cries   All our sisters far off! Gather here to the tryst! Peer   If you'd save me now, lass, you must do it quick!   Gaze not adown so, lowly and bending. -   Your clasp-book! Hurl it straight into his eyes! Bird-cries   He totters! The voice   We have him. Bird-cries   Sisters! Make havee! Peer   Too dear the purchase one pays for life   in such a heart-wasting hour of strife.   [Sinks down.] Bird-cries   Boyg, there he's fallen! Seize him! Seize him!   [A sound of bells and of psalm-singing is heard far away.] The boyg [shrinks up to nothing, and says in a gasp:]     He was too strong. There were women behind him. Eighth Scene [Sunrise. The mountain-side in front of Aase's saeter. The door is shut; all is silent and deserted.]         [Peer Gynt is lying asleep by the wall of the saeter.] Peer [wakens, and looks about him with dull and heavy eyes. He spits].   What wouldn't I give for a pickled herring!   [Spits again, and at the same moment catches sight of Helga, who appears carrying a basket of food.]   Ha, child, are you there? What is it you want? Helga   It is Solveig - Peer [jumping up].   Where is she? Helga   Behind the saeter. Solveig [unseen].   If you come nearer, I'll run away! Peer [stopping short].   Perhaps you're afraid I might take you in my arms? Solveig   For shame! Peer   Do you know where I was last night? -   Like a horse-fly the Dovre-King's daughter is after me. Solveig   Then it was well that the bells were set ringing. Peer   Peer Gynt's not the lad they can lure astray. -   What do you say? Helga [crying].   Oh, she's running away!   [Running after her.]   Wait! Peer [catches her by the arm].   Look here, what I have in my pocket!   A silver button, child! You shall have it, -   only speak for me! Helga   Let me be; let me go! Peer   There you have it. Helga   Let go; there's the basket of food. Peer   God pity you if you don't -! Helga   Uf, how you scare me! Peer [gently; letting her go].   No, I only meant: beg her not to forget me!   [Helga runs off.] height="23" align="left"> Third Act First Scene [Deep in the pine-woods. Grey autumn weather. Snow is falling. Peer Gynt stands in his shirt-sleeves, felling timber.] Peer [hewing at a large fir-tree with twisted branches].     Oh ay, you are tough, you ancient churl;   but it's all in vain, for you'll soon be down.   [Hews at it again.]   I see well enough you've a chain-mail shirt,   but I'll hew it through, were it never so stout. -   Ay, ay, you're shaking your twisted arms;   you've reason enough for your spite and rage;   but none the less you must bend the knee -!   [Breaks off suddenly.]   Lies! 'Tis an old tree, and nothing more.   Lies! It was never a steel-clad churl;   it's only a fir-tree with fissured bark. -   It is heavy labour this hewing timber;   but the devil and all when you hew and dream too. -   I'll have done with it all-with this dwelling in mist,   and, broad-awake, dreaming your senses away. -   You're an outlaw, lad! You are banned to the woods.   [Hews for a while rapidly.]   Ay, an outlaw, ay. You've no mother now   to spread your table and bring your food.   If you'd eat, my lad, you must help yourself,   fetch your rations raw from the wood and stream,   split your own fir-roots and light your own fire,   bustle around, and arrange and prepare things.   Would you clothe yourself warmly, you must stalk your deer;   would you found you a house, you must quarry the stones;   would you build up its walls, you must fell the logs,   and shoulder them all to the building-place. -   [His axe sinks down; he gazes straight in front of him.]     Brave shall the building be. Tower and vane   shall rise from the roof-tree, high and fair.   And then I will carve, for the knob on the gable,   a mermaid, shaped like a fish from the navel.   Brass shall there be on the vane and the door-locks.   Glass I must see and get hold of too.   Strangers, passing, shall ask amazed   what that is glittering far on the hillside.   [Laughs angrily.]   Devil's own lies! There they come again.   You're an outlaw, lad!   [Hewing vigorously.]   A bark-thatched hovel   is shelter enough both in rain and frost.   [Looks up at the tree.]   Now he stands wavering. There; only a kick,   and he topples and measures his length on the ground; -   the thick-swarming undergrowth shudders around him!   [Begins lopping the branches from the trunk; suddenly he listens,     and stands motionless with his axe in the air.]   There's some one after me!-Ay, are you that sort,   old Hegstad-churl;-would you play me false?   [Crouches behind the tree, and peeps over it.]   A lad! One only. He seems afraid.   He peers all round him. What's that he hides   'neath his jacket? A sickle. He stops and looks around, -   now he lays his hand on a fence-rail flat.   What's this now? Why does he lean like that-?   Ugh, ugh! Why, he's chopped his finger off!   A whole finger off!-He bleeds like an ox. -   Now he takes to his heels with his fist in a clout.   [Rises.]   What a devil of a lad! An unmendable finger!   Right off! And with no one compelling him to it!   Ho', now I remember! It's only thus   you can 'scape from having to serve the King.   That's it. They wanted to send him soldiering,   and of course the lad didn't want to go. -   But to chop off-? To sever for good and all-?   Ay, think of it-wish it done-will it to boot, -   but do it -! No, that's past my understanding!   [Shakes his head a little; then goes on with his work.] clear=all> Second Scene [A room in Aase's house. Everything in disorder; boxes standing open; wearing apparel strewn around. A cat is lying on the bed. Aase and the cottar's wife are hard at work packing things together and putting them straight.] Aase [running to one side].   Kari, come here! Kari   What now? Aase [on the other side].   Come here -!   Where is -? Where shall I find -? Tell me where -?   What am I seeking? I'm out of my wits!   Where is the key of the chest? Kari   In the key-hole. Aase   What is that rumbling? Kari   The last cart-load   they're driving to Hegstad. Aase [weeping].   How glad I'd be   in the black chest myself to be driven away!   Oh, what must a mortal abide and live through!   God help me in mercy! The whole house is bare!   What the Hegstad-churl left now the bailiff has taken.   Not even the clothes on my back have they spared.   Fie! Shame on them all that have judged so hardly!   [Seats herself on the edge of the bed.]   Both the land and the farm-place are lost to our line;   the old man was hard, but the law was still harder; -   there was no one to help me, and none would show mercy;   Peer was away; not a soul to give counsel. Kari   But here, in this house, you may dwell till you die. Aase   Ay, the cat and I live on charity. Kari   God help you, mother; your Peer's cost you dear. Aase   Peer? Why, you're out of your senses, sure!   Ingrid came home none the worse in the end.   The right thing had been to hold Satan to reckoning; -   he was the sinner, ay, he and none other;   the ugly beast tempted my poor boy astray! Kari   Had I not better send word to the parson?   Mayhap you're worse than you think you are. Aase   To the parson? Truly I almost think so.   [Starts up.]   But, oh God, I can't! I'm the boy's own mother;   and help him I must; it's no more than my duty;   I must do what I can when the rest forsake him.   They've left him this coat; I must patch it up.   I wish I dared snap up the fur-rug as well!   What's come of the hose? Kari   They are there, 'mid that rubbish. Aase [rummaging about].   Why, what have we here? I declare it's an old   casting-ladle, Kari! With this he would play   button-moulder, would melt, and then shape, and then stamp   them.   One day-there was company-in the boy came,   and begged of his father a lump of tin.   "No tin," says Jon, "but King Christian's coin;   silver; to show you're the son of Jon Gynt."   God pardon him, Jon; he was drunk, you see,   and then he cared neither for tin nor for gold.   Here are the hose. Oh, they're nothing but holes;   they want darning, Kari! Kari   Indeed but they do. Aase   When that is done, I must get to bed;   I feel so broken, and frail, and ill -   [Joyfully.]   Two woollen-shirts, Kari;-they've passed them by! Kari   So they have indeed. Aase   It's a bit of luck.   One of the two you may put aside;   or rather, I think we'll e'en take them both; -   the one he has on is so worn and thin. Kari   But oh, Mother Ase, I fear it's a sin! Aase   Maybe; but remember, the priest holds out   pardon for this and our other sinnings. Third Scene [In front of a settler's newly-built hut in the forest. A reindeer's horns over the door. The snow is lying deep around. It is dusk.]        [Peer Gynt is standing outside the door, fastening a large wooden bar to it.] Peer [laughing betweenwhiles].   Bars I must fix me; bars that can fasten   the door against troll-folk, and men, and women.   Bars I must fix me; bars that can shut out   all the cantankerous little hobgoblins. -   They come with the darkness, they knock and they rattle:   Open, Peer Gynt, we're as nimble as thoughts are!   'Neath the bedstead we bustle, we rake in the ashes,   down the chimney we hustle like fiery-eyed dragons.   Hee-hee! Peer Gynt; think you staples and planks   can shut out cantankerous hobgoblin-thoughts?   [Solveig comes on snow-shoes over the heath; she has a shawl over her head, and a bundle in her hand.] Solveig   God prosper your labour. You must not reject me.   You sent for me hither, and so you must take me. Peer   Solveig! It cannot be -! Ay, but it is!   And you're not afraid to come near to me! Solveig   One message you sent me by little Helga;   others came after in storm and in stillness.   All that your mother told bore me a message,   that brought forth others when dreams sank upon me.   Nights full of heaviness, blank, empty days,   brought me the message that now I must come.   It seemed as though life had been quenched down there;   I could nor laugh nor weep from the depths of my heart.   I knew not for sure how you might be minded;   I knew but for sure what I should do and must do. Peer   But your father? Solveig   In all of God's wide earth   I have none I can call either father or mother.   I have loosed me from all of them. Peer   Solveig, you fair one -   and to come to me? Solveig   Ay, to you alone;   you must be all to me, friend and consoler.   [In tears.]   The worst was leaving my little sister; -   but parting from father was worse, still worse;   and worst to leave her at whose breast I was borne; -   oh no, God forgive me, the worst I must call   the sorrow of leaving them all, ay all! Peer   And you know the doom that was passed in spring?   It forfeits my farm and my heritage. Solveig   Think you for heritage, goods, and gear,   I forsook the paths all my dear ones tread? Peer   And know you the compact? Outside the forest   whoever may meet me may seize me at will. Solveig   I ran upon snow-shoes; I asked my way on;   they said "Whither go you?" I answered, "I go home." Peer   Away, away then with nails and planks!   No need now for bars against hobgoblin-thoughts.   If you dare dwell with the hunter here,   I know the hut will be blessed from ill.   Solveig! Let me look at you! Not too near!   Only look at you! Oh, but you are bright and pure!   Let me lift you! Oh, but you are fine and light!   Let me carry you, Solveig, and I'll never be tired!   I will not soil you. With outstretched arms   I will hold you far out from me, lovely and warm one!   Oh, who would have thought I could draw you to me, -   ah, but I have longed for you, daylong and nightlong.   Here you may see I've been hewing and building; -   it must down again, dear; it is ugly and mean - Solveig   Be it mean or brave,-here is all to my mind.   One so lightly draws breath in the teeth of the wind.   Down below it was airless; one felt as though choked;   that was partly what drove me in fear from the dale.   But here, with the fir-branches soughing o'erhead, -   what a stillness and song!-I am here in my home. Peer   And know you that surely? For all your days? Solveig   The path I have trodden leads back nevermore. Peer   You are mine then! In! In the room let me see you!   Go in! I must go to fetch fir-roots for fuel.   Warm shall the fire be and bright shall it shine,   you shall sit softly and never be a-cold.     [He opens the door; Solveig goes in. He stands still for a while, then laughs aloud with joy and leaps into the air.] Peer   My king's daughter! Now I have found her and won her!   Hei! Now the palace shall rise, deeply founded!   [He seizes his axe and moves away; at the same moment an old-looking woman, in a tattered green gown, comes out from the wood; an ugly brat, with an ale-flagon in his hand, limps after, holding on to her skirt.] The woman   Good evening, Peer Lightfoot! Peer   What is it? Who's there? The woman   Old friends of yours, Peer Gynt! My home is near by.   We are neighbours. Peer   Indeed? That is more than I know. The woman   Even as your hut was builded, mine built itself too. Peer [going].   I'm in havee - The woman   Yes, that you are always, my lad;   but I'll trudge behind you and catch you at last. Peer   You're mistaken, good woman! The woman   I was so before;   I was when you promised such mighty fine things. Peer   I promised -? What devil's own nonsense is this? The woman   You've forgotten the night when you drank with my sire?   You've forgot -? Peer   I've forgot what I never have known.   What's this that you prate of? When last did we meet? The woman   When last we met was when first we met.   [To the brat.]   Give your father a drink; he is thirsty, I'm sure. Peer   Father? You're drunk, woman! Do you call him -? The woman   I should think you might well know the pig by its skin!   Why, where are your eyes? Can't you see that he's lame   in his shank, just as you too are lame in your soul? Peer   Would you have me believe -? The woman   Would you wriggle away -? Peer   This long-legged urchin -! The woman   He's shot up apace. Peer   Dare you, you troll-snout, father on me -? The woman   Come now, Peer Gynt, you're as rude as an ox!   [Weeping.]   Is it my fault if no longer I'm fair,   as I was when you lured me on hillside and lea?   Last fall, in my labour, the Fiend held my back,   and so 'twas no wonder I came out a fright.   But if you would see me as fair as before,   you have only to turn yonder girl out of doors,   drive her clean out of your sight and your mind; -   do but this, dear my love, and I'll soon lose my snout! Peer   Begone from me, troll-witch! The woman   Ay, see if I do! Peer   I'll split your skull open -! The woman   Just try if you dare!   Ho-ho, Peer Gynt, I've no fear of blows!   Be sure I'll return every day of the year.   I'll set the door ajar and peep in at you both.   When you're sitting with your girl on the fireside bench, -   when you're tender, Peer Gynt, - when you'd pet and caress her, -   I'll seat myself by you, and ask for my share.   She there and I - we will take you by turns.   Farewell, dear my lad, you can marry tomorrow! Peer   You nightmare of hell! The woman   By-the-bye, I forgot!   You must rear your own youngster, you light-footed scamp!   Little imp, will you go to your father? The brat [spits at him].   Faugh!   I'll chop you with my hatchet; only wait, only wait! The woman [kisses the brat].   What a head he has got on his shoulders, the dear!   You'll be father's living image when once you're a man! Peer [stamping].   Oh, would you were as far -! The woman   As we now are near? Peer [clenching his hands].   And all this -! The woman   For nothing but thoughts and desires!   It is hard on you, Peer! Peer   It is worst for another! -   Solveig, my fairest, my purest gold! The woman   Oh ay, 'tis the guiltless must smart, said the devil;   his mother boxed his ears when his father was drunk!   [She trudges off into the thicket with the brat, who throws the flagon at Peer Gynt.] Peer [after a long silence].   The Boyg said, "Go roundabout!" - so one must here. -   There fell my fine palace, with crash and clatter!   There's a wall around her whom I stood so near,   of a sudden all's ugly-my joy has grown old. -   Roundabout, lad! There's no way to be found   right through all this from where you stand to her.   Right through? Hm, surely there should be one.   There's a text on repentance, unless I mistake.   But what? What is it? I haven't the book,   I've forgotten it mostly, and here there is none   that can guide me aright in the pathless wood. -   Repentance? And maybe 'twould take whole years,   ere I fought my way through. 'Twere a meagre life, that.   To shatter what's radiant, and lovely, and pure,   and clinch it together in fragments and shards?   You can do it with a fiddle, but not with a bell.   Where you'd have the sward green, you must mind not to trample.     'Twas nought but a lie though, that witch-snout business!   Now all that foulness is well out of sight. -   Ay, out of sight maybe, not out of mind.   Thoughts will sneak stealthily in at my heel.   Ingrid! And the three, they that danced on the heights!   Will they too want to join us? With vixenish spite   will they claim to be folded, like her, to my breast,   to be tenderly lifted on outstretched arms?   Roundabout, lad; though my arms were as long   as the root of the fir, or the pine-tree's stem, -   I think even then I should hold her too near,   to set her down pure and untarnished again. -   I must roundabout here, then, as best I may,   and see that it bring me nor gain nor loss.   One must put such things from one, and try to forget. -   [Goes a few steps towards the hut, but stops again.]   Go in after this? So befouled and disgraced?   Go in with that troll-rabble after me still?   Speak, yet be silent; confess, yet conceal -?   [Throws away his axe.]   It's holy-day evening. For me to keep tryst,   such as now I am, would be sacrilege. Solveig [in the doorway].   Are you coming? Peer [half aloud].   Roundabout! Solveig   What? Peer   You must wait.   It is dark, and I've got something heavy to fetch. Solveig   Wait; I will help you; the burden we'll share. Peer   No, stay where you are! I must bear it alone. Solveig   But don't go too far, dear! Peer   Be patient, my girl;   be my way long or short - you must wait. Solveig [nodding to him as he goes].   Yes, I'll wait!   [Peer Gynt goes down the wood-path. Solveig remains standing in the open half-door.] Fourth Scene [Aase's room. Evening. The room is lighted by a wood fire on the open hearth. A cat is lying on a chair at the foot of the bed.]   [Aase lies in the bed, fumbling about restlessly with her hands on the coverlet.] Aase   Oh, Lord my God, isn't he coming?   The time drags so drearily on.   I have no one to send with a message;   and I've much, oh so much, to say.   I haven't a moment to lose now!   So quickly! Who could have foreseen!   Oh me, if I only were certain   I'd not been too strict with him! Peer Gynt [enters].   Good evening! Aase   The Lord give you gladness!   You've come then, my boy, my dear!   But how dare you show face in the valley?   You know your life's forfeit here. Peer   Oh, life must e'en go as it may go;   I felt that I must look in. Aase   Ay, now Kari is put to silence,   and I can depart in peace! Peer   Depart? Why, what are you saying?   Where is it you think to go? Aase   Alas, Peer, the end is nearing;   I have but a short time left. Peer [writhing, and walking towards the back of the room].   See there now! I'm fleeing from trouble;   I thought at least here I'd be free -!   Are your hands and your feet a-cold, then? Aase   Ay, Peer; all will soon be over. -   When you see that my eyes are glazing,   you must close them carefully.   And then you must see to my coffin;   and be sure it's a fine one, dear.   Ah no, by-the-bye - Peer   Be quiet!   There's time yet to think of that. Aase   Ay, ay.   [Looks restlessly around the room.]   Here you see the little   they've left us! It's like them, just. Peer [with a writhe].   Again!   [Harshly.]   Well, I know it was my fault.   What's the use of reminding me? Aase   You! No, that accursed liquor,   from that all the mischief came!   Dear my boy, you know you'd been drinking;   and then no one knows what he does;   and besides, you'd been riding the reindeer;   no wonder your head was turned! Peer   Ay, ay; of that yarn enough now.   Enough of the whole affair.   All that's heavy we'll let stand over   till after-some other day.   [Sits on the edge of the bed.]   Now, mother, we'll chat together;   but only of this and that, -   forget what's awry and crooked,   and all that is sharp and sore. -   Why see now, the same old pussy;   so she is alive then, still? Aase   She makes such a noise o' nights now;   you know what that bodes, my boy! Peer [changing the subject].   What news is there here in the parish? Aase [smiling].   There's somewhere about, they say,   a girl who would fain to the uplands - Peer [hastily].   Mads Moen, is he content? Aase   They say that she hears and heeds not   the old people's prayers and tears.   You ought to look in and see them; -   you, Peer, might perhaps bring help - Peer   The smith, what's become of him now? Aase   Don't talk of that filyour smith.   Her name I would rather tell you,   the name of the girl, you know - Peer   No, now we will chat together,   but only of this and that, -   forget what's awry and crooked,   and all that is sharp and sore.   Are you thirsty? I'll fetch you water.   Can you stretch you? The bed is short.   Let me see; - if I don't believe, now,   It's the bed that I had when a boy!   Do you mind, dear, how oft in the evenings   you sat at my bedside here,   and spread the fur-coverlet over me,   and sang many a lilt and lay? Aase   Ay, mind you? And then we played sledges   when your father was far abroad.   The coverlet served for sledge-apron,   and the floor for an ice-bound fiord. Peer   Ah, but the best of all, though, -   mother, you mind that too? -   the best was the fleet-foot horses - Aase   Ay, think you that I've forgot? -   It was Kari's cat that we borrowed;   it sat on the log-scooped chair - Peer   To the castle west of the moon, and   the castle east of the sun,   to Soria-Moria Castle   the road ran both high and low.   A stick that we found in the closet,   for a whip-shaft you made it serve. Aase   Right proudly I perked on the box-seat - Peer   Ay, ay; you threw loose the reins,   and kept turning round as we travelled,   and asked me if I was cold.   God bless you, ugly old mother, -   you were ever a kindly soul -!   What's hurting you now? Aase   My back aches,   because of the hard, bare boards. Peer   Stretch yourself; I'll support you.   There now, you're lying soft. Aase [uneasily].   No, Peer, I'd be moving! Peer   Moving? Aase   Ay, moving; 'tis ever my wish. Peer   Oh, nonsense! Spread over you the bed-fur.   Let me sit at your bedside here.   There; now we'll shorten the evening   with many a lilt and lay. Aase   Best bring from the closet the prayer-book:   I feel so uneasy of soul. Peer   In Soria-Moria Castle   the King and the Prince give a feast.   On the sledge-cushions lie and rest you;   I'll drive you there over the heath - Aase   But, Peer dear, am I invited? Peer   Ay, that we are, both of us.   [He throws a string round the back of the chair on which the cat is     lying, takes up a stick, and seats himself at the foot of the bed.]   Gee-up! Will you stir yourself, Black-boy?   Mother, you're not a-cold?   Ay, ay; by the pace one knows it,   when Grane begins to go! Aase   Why, Peer, what is it that's ringing -? Peer   The glittering sledge-bells, dear! Aase   Oh, mercy, how hollow it's rumbling! Peer   We're just driving over a fiord. Aase   I'm afraid! What is that I hear rushing   and sighing so strange and wild? Peer   It's the sough of the pine-trees, mother,   on the heath. Do you but sit still. Aase   There's a sparkling and gleaming afar now;   whence comes all that blaze of light? Peer   From the castle's windows and doorways.   Don't you hear, they are dancing? Aase   Yes. Peer   Outside the door stands Saint Peter,   and prays you to enter in. Aase   Does he greet us? Peer   He does, with honor,   and pours out the sweetest wine. Aase   Wine! Has he cakes as well, Peer? Peer   Cakes? Ay, a heaped-up dish.   And the dean's wife is getting ready   your coffee and your dessert. Aase   Oh, Christ; shall we two come together? Peer   As freely as ever you will. Aase   Oh, deary, Peer, what a frolic   you're driving me to, poor soul! Peer [cracking his whip].   Gee-up; will you stir yourself, Black-boy! Aase   Peer, dear, you're driving right? Peer [cracking his whip again].   Ay, broad is the way. Aase   This journey,   it makes me so weak and tired. Peer   There's the castle rising before us;   the drive will be over soon. Aase   I will lie back and close my eyes then,   and trust me to you, my boy! Peer   Come up with you, Grane, my trotter!   In the castle the throng is great;   they bustle and swarm to the gateway.   Peer Gynt and his mother are here!   What say you, Master Saint Peter?   Shall mother not enter in?   You may search a long time, I tell you,   ere you find such an honest old soul.   Myself I don't want to speak of;   I can turn at the castle gate.   If you'll treat me, I'll take it kindly;   if not, I'll go off just as pleased.   I have made up as many flim-flams   as the devil at the pulpit-desk,   and called my old mother a hen, too,   because she would cackle and crow.   But her you shall honour and reverence,   and make her at home indeed;   there comes not a soul to beat her   from the parishes nowadays. -   Ho-ho; here comes God the Father!   Saint Peter! you're in for it now!   [In a deep voice.]   "Have done with these jack-in-office airs, sir;   Mother Ase shall enter free!"   [Laughs loudly, and turns towards his mother.]   Ay, didn't I know what would happen?   Now they dance to another tune!   [Uneasily.]   Why, what makes your eyes so glassy?   Mother! Have you gone out of your wits -?   [Goes to the head of the bed.]   You mustn't lie there and stare so -!   Speak, mother; it's I, your boy!   [Feels her forehead and hands cautiously; then throws the string on the chair, and says softly:]   Ay, ay! - You can rest yourself, Grane;   for even now the journey's done.   [Closes her eyes, and bends over her.]   For all of your days I thank you,   for beatings and lullabies! -   But see, you must thank me back, now -   [Presses his cheek against her mouth]   There; that was the driver's fare. The cottar's wife [entering].   What? Peer! Ah, then we are over   the worst of the sorrow and need!   Dear Lord, but she's sleeping soundly -   or can she be -? Peer   Hush; she is dead.   [Kari weeps beside the body; Peer Gynt walks up and down the room for some time; at last he stops beside the bed.] Peer   See mother buried with honour.   I must try to fare forth from here. Kari   Are you faring afar? Peer   To seaward. Kari   So far! Peer   Ay, and further still.   [He goes.] height="23" align="left"> Fourth Act First Scene [On the south-west coast of Morocco. A palm-grove. Under an awning, on ground covered with matting, a table spread for dinner. Further back in the grove hammocks are slung. In the offing lies a steam-yacht, flying the Norwegian and American colours. A jolly-boat drawn up on the beach. It is towards sunset.]         [Peer Gynt, a handsome middle-aged gentleman, in an elegant travelling-dress, with a gold-rimmed double eyeglass hanging at his waistcoat, is doing the honours at the head of the table. Mr. Cotton, Monsieur Ballon, herr von Eberkopf, and herr Trumpeterstrale, are seated at the table finishing dinner.] Peer Gynt   Drink, gentlemen! If man is made   for pleasure, let him take his fill then.   You know 'tis written: Lost is lost,   and gone is gone-. What may I hand you? Trumpeterstrale   As host you're princely, Brother Gynt! Peer   I share the honour with my cash,   with cook and steward - Mr. Cotton   Very well;   let's pledge a toast to all the four! Monsieur Ballon   Monsieur, you have a gout, a ton   that nowadays is seldom met with   among men living en garcon, -   a certain-what's the word -? Von Eberkopf   A dash,   a tinge of free soul-contemplation,   and cosmopolitanisation,   an outlook through the cloudy rifts   by narrow prejudice unhemmed,   a stamp of high illumination,   an Ur-Natur, with lore of life,   to crown the trilogy, united.   Nicht wahr, Monsieur, 'twas that you meant? Monsieur Ballon   Yes, very possibly; not quite   so loftily it sounds in French. Von Eberkopf   Ei was! That language is so stiff. -   But the phenomenon's final cause   if we would seek - Peer   It's found already.   The reason is that I'm unmarried.   Yes, gentlemen, completely clear   the matter is. What should a man be?   Himself, is my concise reply.   He should regard himself and his.   But can he, as a sumpter-mule   for others' woe and others' weal? Von Eberkopf   But this same in-and-for-yourself-ness,   I'll answer for't, has cost you strife - Peer   Ay yes, indeed; in former days;   but always I came off with honour.   Yet one time I ran very near   to being trapped against my will.   I was a brisk and handsome lad,   and she to whom my heart was given,   she was of royal family - Monsieur Ballon   Of royal -? Peer [carelessly].   One of those old stocks,   you know the kind - Trumpeterstrale [thumping the table].   Those noble-trolls! Peer [shrugging his shoulders].   Old fossil Highnesses who make it   their pride to keep plebeian blots   excluded from their line's escutcheon. Mr. Cotton   Then nothing came of the affair? Monsieur Ballon   The family opposed the marriage? Peer   Far from it! Monsieur Ballon   Ah! Peer [with forbearance].   You understand   that certain circumstances made for   their marrying us without delay.   But, truth to tell, the whole affair   was, first to last, distasteful to me.   I'm finical in certain ways,   and like to stand on my own feet.   And when my father-in-law came out   with delicately veiled demands   that I should change my name and station,   and undergo ennoblement,   with much else that was most distasteful,   not to say quite inacceptable, -   why then I gracefully withdrew,   point-blank declined his ultimatum -   and so renounced my youthful bride.   [Drums on the table with a devout air.]   Yes, yes; there is a ruling Fate!   On that we mortals may rely;   and 'tis a comfortable knowledge. Monsieur Ballon   And so the matter ended, eh? Peer   Oh no, far otherwise I found it;   for busy-bodies mixed themselves,   with furious outcries, in the business.   The juniors of the clan were worst;   with seven of them I fought a duel.   That time I never shall forget,   though I came through it all in safety.   It cost me blood; but that same blood   attests the value of my person,   and points encouragingly towards   the wise control of Fate aforesaid. Von Eberkopf   Your outlook on the course of life   exalts you to the rank of thinker.   Whilst the mere commonplace empiric   sees separately the scattered scenes,   and to the last goes groping on,   you in one glance can focus all things.   One norm to all things you apply.   You point each random rule of life,   till one and all diverge like rays   from one full-orbed philosophy. -   And you have never been to college? Peer   I am, as I've already said,   exclusively a self-taught man.   Methodically naught I've learned;   but I have thought and speculated,   and done much desultory reading.   I started somewhat late in life,   and then, you know, it's rather hard   to plough ahead through page on page,   and take in all of everything.   I've done my history piecemeal;   I never have had time for more.   And, as one needs in days of trial   some certainty to place one's trust in,   I took religion intermittently.   That way it goes more smoothly down.   One should not read to swallow all,   but rather see what one has use for. Mr. Cotton   Ay, that is practical! Peer [lights a cigar].   Dear friends,   just think of my career in general.   In what case came I to the West?   A poor young fellow, empty-handed.   I had to battle sore for bread;   trust me, I often found it hard.   But life, my friends, ah, life is dear,   and, as the phrase goes, death is bitter.   Well! Luck, you see, was kind to me;   old Fate, too, was accommodating.   I prospered; and, by versatility,   I prospered better still and better.   In ten years' time I bore the name   of Croesus 'mongst the Charleston shippers.   My fame flew wide from port to port,   and fortune sailed on board my vessels - Mr. Cotton   What did you trade in? Peer   I did most   in Negro slaves for Carolina,   and idol-images for China. Monsieur Ballon   Fi donc! Trumpeterstrale   The devil, Uncle Gynt! Peer   You think, no doubt, the business hovered   on the outer verge of the allowable?   Myself I felt the same thing keenly.   It struck me even as odious.   But, trust me, when you've once begun,   it's hard to break away again.   At any rate it's no light thing,   in such a vast trade-enterprise,   that keeps whole thousands in employ,   to break off wholly, once for all.   That "once for all" I can't abide,   but own, upon the other side,   that I have always felt respect   for what are known as consequences;   and that to overstep the bounds   has ever somewhat daunted me.   Besides, I had begun to age,   was getting on towards the fifties; -   my hair was slowly growing grizzled;   and, though my health was excellent,   yet painfully the thought beset me:   Who knows how soon the hour may strike,   the jury-verdict be delivered   that parts the sheep and goats asunder?   What could I do? To stop the trade   with China was impossible.   A plan I hit on-opened straightway   a new trade with the self-same land.   I shipped off idols every spring,   each autumn sent forth missionaries,   supplying them with all they needed,   as stockings, Bibles, rum, and rice - Mr. Cotton   Yes, at a profit? Peer   Why, of course.   It prospered. Dauntlessly they toiled.   For every idol that was sold   they got a coolie well baptised,   so that the effect was neutralised.   The mission-field lay never fallow,   for still the idol-propaganda   the missionaries held in check. Mr. Cotton   Well, but the African commodities? Peer   There, too, my ethics won the day.   I saw the traffic was a wrong one   for people of a certain age.   One may drop off before one dreams of it.   And then there were the thousand pitfalls   laid by the philanthropic camp;   besides, of course, the hostile cruisers,   and all the wind-and-weather risks.   All this together won the day.   I thought: Now, Peter, reef your sails;   see to it you amend your faults!   So in the South I bought some land,   and kept the last meat-importation,   which chanced to be a superfine one.   They throve so, grew so fat and sleek,   that 'twas a joy to me, and them too.   Yes, without boasting, I may say   I acted as a father to them, -   and found my profit in so doing.   I built them schools, too, so that virtue   might uniformly be maintained at   a certain general niveau,   and kept strict watch that never its   thermometer should sink below it.   Now, furthermore, from all this business   I've beat a definite retreat; -   I've sold the whole plantation, and   its tale of live-stock, hide and hair.   At parting, too, I served around,   to big and little, gratis grog,   so men and women all got drunk,   and widows got their snuff as well.   So that is why I trust,-provided   the saying is not idle breath:   Whoso does not do ill, does good, -   my former errors are forgotten,   and I, much more than most, can hold   my misdeeds balanced by my virtues. Von Eberkopf [clinking glasses with him].   How strengthening it is to hear   a principle thus acted out,   freed from the night of theory,   unshaken by the outward ferment! Peer [who has been drinking freely during the preceding passages]   We Northland men know how to carry   our battle through! The key to the art   of life's affairs is simply this:   to keep one's ear close shut against   the ingress of one dangerous viper. Mr. Cotton   What sort of viper, pray, dear friend? Peer   A little one that slyly wiles you   to tempt the irretrievable.   [Drinking again.]   The essence of the art of daring,   the art of bravery in act,   is this: To stand with choice-free foot   amid the treacherous snares of life, -   to know for sure that other days   remain beyond the day of battle, -   to know that ever in the rear   a bridge for your retreat stands open.   This theory has borne me on,   has given my whole career its colour;   and this same theory I inherit,   a race-gift, from my childhood's home. Monsieur Ballon   You are Norwegian? Peer   Yes, by birth;   but cosmopolitan in spirit.   For fortune such as I've enjoyed   I have to thank America.   My amply-furnished library   I owe to Germany's later schools.   From France, again, I get my waistcoats,   my manners, and my spice of wit, -   from England an industrious hand,   and keen sense for my own advantage.   The Jew has taught me how to wait.   Some taste for dolce far niente   I have received from Italy, -   and one time, in a perilous pass,   to eke the measure of my days,   I had recourse to Swedish steel. Trumpeterstrale [lifting up his glass].   Ay, Swedish steel -? Von Eberkopf   The weapon's wielder   demands our homage first of all!   [They clink glasses and drink with him. The wine begins to go to his head.] Mr. Cotton   All this is very good indeed; -   but, sir, I'm curious to know   what with your gold, you think of doing. Peer [smiling].   Hm; doing? Eh? All four [coming closer].   Yes, let us hear! Peer   Well, first of all, I want to travel.   You see, that's why I shipped you four,   to keep me company, at Gibraltar.   I needed such a dancing-choir   of friends around my gold-calf-altar - Von Eberkopf   Most witty! Mr. Cotton   Well, but no one hoists   his sails for nothing but the sailing.   Beyond all doubt, you have a goal;   and that is-? Peer   To be Emperor. All four   What? Peer [nodding].   Emperor! The four   Where? Peer   Over all the world. Monsieur Ballon   But how, friend -? Peer By the might of gold!   That plan is not at all a new one;   it's been the soul of my career.   Even as a boy, I swept in dreams   far over the ocean on a cloud.   I soared with train and golden scabbard, -   and flopped down on all-fours again.   But still my goal, my friends, stood fast. -   There is a text, or else a saying,   somewhere, I don't remember where,   that if you gained the whole wide world,   but lost yourself, your gain were but   a garland on a cloven skull.   That is the text-or something like it;   and that remark is sober truth. Von Eberkopf   But what then is the Gyntish Self? Peer   The world behind my forehead's arch,   in force of which I'm no one else   than I, no more than God's the Devil. Trumpeterstrale   I understand now where you're aiming! Monsieur Ballon   Thinker sublime! Von Eberkopf   Exalted poet! Peer [more and more elevated].   The Gyntish Self - it is the host   of wishes, appetites, desires, -   the Gyntish Self, it is the sea   of fancies, exigencies, claims,   all that, in short, makes my breast heave,   and whereby I, as I, exist.   But as our Lord requires the clay   to constitute him God o' the world,   so I, too, stand in need of gold,   if I as Emperor would figure. Monsieur Ballon   You have the gold, though! Peer   Not enough.   Ay, maybe for a nine-days' flourish,   as Emperor a la Lippe-Detmold.   But I must be myself en bloc,   must be the Gynt of all the planet,   Sir Gynt throughout, from top to toe! Monsieur Ballon [enraptured].   Possess the earth's most exquisite beauty! Von Eberkopf   All century-old Johannisberger! Trumpeterstrale   And all the blades of Charles the Twelfth! Mr. Cotton   But first a profitable opening   for business - Peer   That's already found;   our anchoring here supplied me with it.   Tonight we set off northward ho!   The papers I received on board   have brought me tidings of importance-!   [Rises with uplifted glass.]   It seems that Fortune ceaselessly   aids him who has the pluck to seize it - The guests   Well? Tell us -! Peer   Greece is in revolt. All four [springing up].   What! Greece -? Peer   The Greeks have risen in Hellas. The four   Hurrah! Peer   And Turkey's in a fix!   [Empties his glass.] Monsieur Ballon   To Hellas! Glory's gate stands open!   I'll help them with the sword of France! Von Eberkopf   And I with war-whoops - from a distance! Mr. Cotton   And I as well - by taking contracts! Trumpeterstrale   Lead on! I'll find again in Bender   the world-renowned spur-strap-buckles! Monsieur Ballon [falling on Peer Gynt's neck].   Forgive me, friend, that I at first   misjudged you quite! Von Eberkopf [pressing his hands].   I, stupid hound,   took you for next door to a scoundrel! Mr. Cotton   Too strong that; only for a fool - Trumpeterstrale [trying to kiss him].   I, Uncle, for a specimen   of Yankee riff-raff's meanest spawn -!   Forgive me -! Von Eberkopf   We've been in the dark - Peer   What stuff is this? Von Eberkopf   We now see gathered   in glory all the Gyntish host   of wishes, appetites, and desires -! Monsieur Ballon [admiringly].   So this is being Monsieur Gynt! Von Eberkopf [in the same tone].   This I call being Gynt with honour! Peer   But tell me -? Monsieur Ballon   Don't you understand? Peer   May I be hanged if I begin to! Monsieur Ballon   What? Are you not upon your way   to join the Greeks, with ship and money-? Peer [contemptuously].   No, many thanks! I side with strength,   and lend my money to the Turks. Monsieur Ballon   Impossible! Von Eberkopf   Witty, but a jest! Peer [after a short silence, leaning on a chair and assuming a dignified mien].   Come, gentlemen, I think it best   we part before the last remains   of friendship melt away like smoke.   Who nothing owns will lightly risk it.   When in the world one scarce commands   the strip of earth one's shadow covers,   one's born to serve as food for powder.   But when a man stands safely landed,   as I do, then his stake is greater.   Go you to Hellas. I will put you   ashore, and arm you gratis too.   The more you eke the flames of strife,   the better will it serve my purpose.   Strike home for freedom and for right!   Fight! storm! make hell hot for the Turks; -   and gloriously end your days   upon the Janissaries' lances. -   But I - excuse me -   [Slaps his pocket.]   I have cash,   and am myself, Sir Peter Gynt.   [Puts up his sunshade, and goes into the grove, where the hammocks are partly visible.] Trumpeterstrale   The swinish cur! Monsieur Ballon   No taste for glory -! Mr. Cotton   Oh, glory's neither here nor there;   but think of the enormous profits   we'd reap if Greece should free herself. Monsieur Ballon   I saw myself a conqueror,   by lovely Grecian maids encircled. Trumpeterstrale   Grasped in my Swedish hands, I saw   the great, heroic spur-strap-buckles! Von Eberkopf   I my gigantic Fatherland's   culture saw spread over earth and sea-! Mr. Cotton   The worst's the loss in solid cash.   God dam! I scarce can keep from weeping!   I saw me owner of Olympus.   If to its fame the mountain answers,   there must be veins of copper in it,   that could be opened up again.   And furthermore, that stream Castalia,   which people talk so much about,   with fall on fall, at lowest reckoning,   must mean a thousand horse-power good-! Trumpeterstrale   Still I will go! My Swedish sword   is worth far more than Yankee gold! Mr. Cotton   Perhaps; but, jammed into the ranks,   amid the press we'd all be drowned;   and then where would the profit be? Monsieur Ballon   Accurst! So near to fortune's summit,   and now stopped short beside its grave! Mr. Cotton [shakes his fist towards the yacht].   That long black chest holds coffered up   the nabob's golden nigger-sweat-! Von Eberkopf   A royal notion! Quick! Away!   It's all up with his empire now!   Hurrah! Monsieur Ballon   What would you? Von Eberkopf   Seize the power!   The crew can easily be bought.   On board then! I annex the yacht! Mr. Cotton   You - what -? Von Eberkopf   I grab the whole concern!   [Goes down to the jolly-boat.] Mr. Cotton   Why then self-interest commands me   to grab my share.   [Goes after him.] Trumpeterstrale   What scoundrelism! Monsieur Ballon   A scurvy business - but - enfin!   [Follows the others.] Trumpeterstrale   I'll have to follow, I suppose, -   but I protest to all the world-!   [Follows.] Second Scene [Another part of the coast. Moonlight with drifting clouds. The yacht is seen far out, under full steam.]         [Peer Gynt comes running along the beach; now pinching his arms, now gazing out to sea.] Peer   A nightmare! - Delusion! - I'll soon be awake!   She's standing to sea! And at furious speed! -   Mere delusion! I'm sleeping! I'm dizzy and drunk!   [Clenches his hands.]   It's not possible I should be going to die!   [Tearing his hair.]   A dream! I'm determined it shall be a dream!   Oh, horror! It's only too real, worse luck!   My brute-beasts of friends -! Do but hear me, oh Lord!   Since you are so wise and so righteous -! Oh judge -!   [With upstretched arms.]   It is I, Peter Gynt! Oh, Lord, give but heed!   Hold your hand over me, Father; or else I must perish!   Make them back the machine! Make them lower the gig!   Stop the robbers! Make something go wrong with the rigging!   Hear me! Let other folks' business lie over!   The world can take care of itself for the time!   I'm blessed if he hears me! He's deaf as his wont is!   Here's a nice thing! A God that is bankrupt of help!   [Beckons upwards.]   Hist! I've abandoned the nigger-plantation!   And missionaries I've exported to Asia!   Surely one good turn should be worth another!   Oh, help me on board -!   [A jet of fire shoots into the air from the yacht, followed by thick clouds of smoke; a hollow report is heard. Peer Gynt utters a shriek, and sinks down on the sands. Gradually the smoke clears away; the ship has disappeared.] Peer [softly, with a pale face].   That's the sword of wrath!   In a crack to the bottom, every soul, man and mouse!   Oh, for ever blest be the lucky chance -   [With emotion.]   A chance? No, no, it was more than chance.   I was to be rescued and they to perish.   Oh, thanks and praise for that you have kept me,   have cared for me, spite of all my sins! -   [Draws a deep breath.]   What a marvellous feeling of safety and peace   it gives one to know oneself specially shielded!   But the desert! What about, food and drink?   Oh, something I'm sure to find. He'll see to that.   There's no cause for alarm; -   [Loud and insinuatingly.]   He would never allow   a poor little sparrow like me to perish!   Be but lowly of spirit. And give him time.   Leave it all in the Lord's hands; and don't be cast down. -   [With a start of terror.]   Can that be a lion that growled in the reeds-?   [His teeth chattering.]   No, it wasn't a lion.   [Mustering up courage.]   A lion, forsooth!   Those beasts, they'll take care to keep out of the way.   They know it's no joke to fall foul of their betters.   They have instinct to guide them;-they feel, what's a fact,   that it's dangerous playing with elephants. -   But all the same -. I must find a tree.   There's a grove of acacias and palms over there;   if I once can climb up, I'll be sheltered and safe, -   most of all if I knew but a psalm or two.   [Clambers up.]   Morning and evening are not alike;   that text has been oft enough weighed and pondered.   [Seats himself comfortably.]   How blissful to feel so uplifted in spirit.   To think nobly is more than to know oneself rich.   Only trust in Him. He knows well what share   of the chalice of need I can bear to drain.   He takes fatherly thought for my personal weal; -   [Casts a glance over the sea, and whispers with a sigh:]     but economical - no, that he isn't! Third Scene [Night. An encampment of Moroccan troops on the edge of the desert. Watchfires, with soldiers resting by them.] A slave [enters, tearing his hair].   Gone is the Emperor's milk-white charger! Another slave [enters, rending his garments].   The Emperor's sacred robes are stolen! An officer [enters].   A hundred stripes upon the foot-soles   for all who fail to catch the robber!   [The troopers mount their horses, and gallop away in every direction.] Fourth Scene [Daybreak. The grove of acacias and palms.]        [Peer Gynt in his tree with a broken branch in his hand, trying to beat off a swarm of monkeys.] Peer   Confound it! A most disagreeable night.   [Laying about him.]   Are you there again? This is most accursed!   Now they're throwing fruit. No, it's something else.   A loathsome beast is your Barbary ape!   The Scripture says: You shall watch and fight.   But I'm blest if I can; I am heavy and tired.   [Is again attacked; impatiently:]   I must put a stopper upon this nuisance!   I must see and get hold of one of these scamps,   get him hung and skinned, and then dress myself up,   as best I may, in his shaggy hide,   that the others may take me for one of themselves. -   What are we mortals? Motes, no more;   and it's wisest to follow the fashion a bit. -   Again a rabble! They throng and swarm.   Off with you! Shoo! They go on as though crazy.   If only I had a false tail to put on now, -   only something to make me a bit like a beast. -   What now? There's a pattering over my head-!   [Looks up.]   It's the grandfather ape,-with his fists full of filth-!   [Huddles together apprehensively, and keeps still for a while. The ape makes a motion; Peer Gynt begins coaxing and wheedling him, as he might a dog.]   Ay, - are you there, my good old Bus!   He's a good beast, he is! He will listen to reason!   He wouldn't throw; - I should think not, indeed!   It is me! Pip-pip! We are first-rate friends!   Ai-ai! Don't you hear, I can talk your language?   Bus and I, we are kinsfolk, you see; -   Bus shall have sugar tomorrow-! The beast!   The whole cargo on top of me! Ugh, how disgusting! -   Or perhaps it was food? 'Twas in taste-indefinable;   and taste's for the most part a matter of habit.   What thinker is it who somewhere says:   You must spit and trust to the force of habit? -   Now here come the small-fry!   [Hits and slashes around him.]   It's really too bad   that man, who by rights is the lord of creation,   should find himself forced to -! O murder! murder!   the old one was bad, but the youngsters are worse! Fifth Scene [Early morning. A stony region, with a view out over the desert. On one side a cleft in the hill, and a cave.]   [A thief and a receiver hidden in the cleft, with the Emperor's horse and robes. The horse, richly caparisoned, is tied to a stone. Horsemen are seen afar off.] The thief   The tongues of the lances   all flickering and flashing, -   see, see! The receiver   Already my head seems   to roll on the sand-plain!   Woe, woe! The thief [folds his arms over his breast].   My father he thieved;   so his son must be thieving. The receiver   My father received;   so his son keeps receiving. The thief   Your lot shall you bear still;   yourself shall you be still. The receiver [listening].   Steps in the brushwood!   Flee, flee! But where? The thief   The cavern is deep,   and the Prophet great!   [They make off, leaving the booty behind them. The horsemen gradually disappear in the distance.] Peer Gynt [enters, cutting a reed whistle].   What a delectable morning-tide! -   The dung-beetle's rolling his ball in the dust;   the snail creeps out of his dwelling-house.   The morning; ay, it has gold in its mouth. -   It's a wonderful power, when you think of it,   that Nature has given to the light of day.   One feels so secure, and so much more courageous, -   one would gladly, at need, take a bull by the horns. -   What a stillness all round! Ah, the joys of Nature, -   strange enough I should never have prized them before.   Why go and imprison oneself in a city,   for no end but just to be bored by the mob. -   just look how the lizards are whisking about,   snapping, and thinking of nothing at all.   What innocence ev'n in the life of the beasts!   Each fulfils the Creator's behest unimpeachably,   preserving its own special stamp undefaced;   is itself, is itself, both in sport and in strife,   itself, as it was at his primal: Be!   [Puts on his eye-glasses.]   A toad. In the middle of a sandstone block.   Petrifaction all round him. His head alone peering.   There he's sitting and gazing as though through a window   at the world, and is-to himself enough. -   [Reflectively.]   Enough? To himself -? Where is it that's written?   I've read it, in youth, in some so-called classic.   In the family prayer-book? Or Solomon's Proverbs?   Alas, I notice that, year by year,   my memory for dates and for places is fading.   [Seats himself in the shade.]   Here's a cool spot to rest and to stretch out one's feet.   Why, look, here are ferns growing-edible roots.   [Eats a little.]   'Twould be fitter food for an animal -   but the text says: Bridle the natural man!   Furthermore it is written: The proud shall be humbled,   and whoso abaseth himself, exalted.   [Uneasily.]   Exalted? Yes, that's what will happen with me; -   no other result can so much as be thought of.   Fate will assist me away from this place,   and arrange matters so that I get a fresh start.   This is only a trial; deliverance will follow, -   if only the Lord lets me keep my health.   [Dismisses his misgivings, lights a cigar, stretches himself, and gazes out over the desert.]   What an enormous, limitless waste! -   Far in the distance an ostrich is striding. -   What can one fancy was really God's   meaning in all of this voidness and deadness?   This desert, bereft of all sources of life;   this burnt-up cinder, that profits no one;   this patch of the world, that for ever lies fallow;   this corpse, that never, since earth's creation,   has brought its Maker so much as thanks, -   why was it created?-How spendthrift is Nature! -   Is that sea in the east there, that dazzling expanse   all gleaming? It can't be; 'tis but a mirage.   The sea's to the west; it lies piled up behind me,   dammed out from the desert by a sloping ridge.   [A thought flashes through his mind.]   Dammed out? Then I could -? The ridge is narrow.   Dammed out? It wants but a gap, a canal, -   like a flood of life would the waters rush   in through the channel, and fill the desert!   Soon would the whole of yon red-hot grave   spread forth, a breezy and rippling sea.   The oases would rise in the midst, like islands;   Atlas would tower in green cliffs on the north;   sailing-ships would, like stray birds on the wing,   skim to the south, on the caravans' track.   Life-giving breezes would scatter the choking   vapours, and dew would distil from the clouds.   People would build themselves town on town,   and grass would grow green round the swaying palm-trees.   The southland, behind the Sahara's wall,   would make a new seaboard for civilisation.   Steam would set Timbuctoo's factories spinning;   Bornu would be colonised apace;   the naturalist would pass safely through Habes   in his railway-car to the Upper Nile.   In the midst of my sea, on a fat oasis,   I will replant the Norwegian race;   the Dalesman's blood is next door to royal;   Arabic crossing will do the rest.   Skirting a bay, on a shelving strand,   I'll build the chief city, Peeropolis.   The world is decrepit! Now comes the turn   of Gyntiana, my virgin land!   [Springs up.]   Had I but capital, soon 'twould be done. -   A gold key to open the gate of the sea!   A crusade against Death! The close-fisted old churl   shall open the sack he lies brooding upon.   Men rave about freedom in every land; -   like the ass in the ark, I will send out a cry   over the world, and will baptise to liberty   the beautiful, thrall-bounden coasts that shall be.   I must on! To find capital, eastward or west!   My kingdom-well, half of it, say-for a horse!   [The horse in the cleft neighs.]   A horse! Ay, and robes! - jewels too, - and a sword!   [Goes closer.]   It can't be! It is though -! But how? I have read,   I don't quite know where, that the will can move mountains; -     but how about moving a horse as well -?   Pooh! Here stands the horse, that's a matter of fact;   for the rest, why, ab esse ad posse, et cetera.   [Puts on the dress and looks down at it.]   Sir Peter-a Turk, too, from top to toe!   Well, one never knows what may happen to one. -   Gee-up, now, Grane, my trusty steed!   [Mounts the horse.]   Gold-slipper stirrups beneath my feet! -   You may know the great by their riding-gear!   [Gallops off into the desert.] Sixth Scene [The tent of an Arab chief, standing alone on an oasis.]        [Peer Gynt, in his Eastern dress, resting on cushions. He is drinking coffee, and smoking a long pipe. Anitra, and a bevy of girls, dancing and singing before him.] Chorus of girls   The Prophet is come!   The Prophet, the Lord, the All-Knowing One,   to us, to us is he come,   over the sand-ocean riding!   The Prophet, the Lord, the Unerring One,   to us, to us is he come,   over the sand-ocean sailing!   Wake the flute and the drum!   The Prophet, the Prophet is come! Anitra   His courser is white as the milk is   that streams in the rivers of Paradise.   Bend every knee! Bow every head!   His eyes are as bright-gleaming, mild-beaming stars.   Yet none earth-born endureth   the rays of those stars in their blinding splendour!   Through the desert he came.   Gold and pearl-drops sprang forth on his breast.   Where he rode there was light.   Behind him was darkness;   behind him raged drought and the simoom.   He, the glorious one, came!   Through the desert he came,   like a mortal apparelled.   Kaaba, Kaaba stands void; -   he himself hath proclaimed it! The chorus of girls   Wake the flute and the drum!   The Prophet, the Prophet is come!   [They continue the dance, to soft music.] Peer   I have read it in print-and the saying is true -   that no one's a prophet in his native land. -   This position is very much more to my mind   than my life over there 'mong the Charleston merchants.   There was something hollow in the whole affair,   something foreign at the bottom, something dubious behind it; -     I was never at home in their company,   nor felt myself really one of the guild.   What tempted me into that galley at all?   To grub and grub in the bins of trade -   as I think it all over, I can't understand it; -   it happened so; that's the whole affair. -   To be oneself on a basis of gold   is no better than founding one's house on the sand.   For your watch, and your ring, and the rest of your trappings     the good people fawn on you, grovelling to earth;   they lift their hats to your jewelled breast-pin;   but your ring and your breast-pin are not your person. -   A prophet; ay, that is a clearer position.   At least one knows on what footing one stands.   If you make a success, it's yourself that receives   the ovation, and not your pounds-sterling and shillings.   One is what one is, and no nonsense about it;   one owes nothing to chance or to accident,   and needs neither licence nor patent to lean on. -   A prophet; ay, that is the thing for me.   And I slipped so utterly unawares into it, -   just by coming galloping over the desert,   and meeting these children of nature en route.   The Prophet had come to them; so much was clear.   It was really not my intent to deceive -   there's a difference 'twixt lies and oracular answers;   and then I can always withdraw again.   I'm in no way bound; it's a simple matter-;   the whole thing is private, so to speak;   I can go as I came; there's my horse ready saddled;   I am master, in short, of the situation. Anitra [approaching from the tent-door].   Prophet and Master! Peer   What would my slave? Anitra   The sons of the desert await at your tent-door;   they pray for the light of your countenance - Peer   Stop!   Say in the distance I'd have them assemble;   say from the distance I hear all their prayers.   Add that I suffer no menfolk in here!   Men, my child, are a worthless crew, -   inveterate rascals you well may call them!   Anitra, you can't think how shamelessly   they have swind-I mean they have sinned, my child! -   Well, enough now of that; you may dance for me, damsels!   The Prophet would banish the memories that gall him. The girls [dancing].   The Prophet is good! The Prophet is grieving   for the ill that the sons of the dust have wrought!   The Prophet is mild; to his mildness be praises;   he opens to sinners his Paradise! Peer [his eyes following Anitra during the dance].     Legs as nimble as drumsticks flitting.   She's a dainty morsel indeed, that wench!   It's true she has somewhat extravagant contours, -   not quite in accord with the norms of beauty.   But what is beauty? A mere convention, -   a coin made current by time and place.   And just the extravagant seems most attractive   when one of the normal has drunk one's fill.   In the law-bound one misses all intoxication.   Either plump to excess or excessively lean;   either parlously young or portentously old; -   the medium is mawkish. -   Her feet-they are not altogether clean;   no more are her arms; in especial one of them.   But that is at bottom no drawback at all.   I should rather call it a qualification -   Anitra, come listen! Anitra [approaching].   Your handmaiden hears! Peer   You are tempting, my daughter! The Prophet is touched.   If you don't believe me, then hear the proof; -   I'll make you a Houri in Paradise! Anitra   Impossible, Lord! Peer   What? You think I am jesting?   I'm in sober earnest, as true as I live! Anitra   But I haven't a soul. Peer   Then of course you must get one! Anitra   How, Lord? Peer   Just leave me alone for that; -   I shall look after your education.   No soul? Why, truly you're not over bright,   as the saying goes. I've observed it with pain.   But pooh! for a soul you can always find room.   Come here! let me measure your brain-pan, child. -   There is room, there is room, I was sure there was.   It's true you never will penetrate   very deep; to a large soul you'll scarcely attain -   but never you mind; it won't matter a bit; -   you'll have plenty to carry you through with credit - Anitra   The Prophet is gracious - Peer   You hesitate? Speak! Anitra   But I'd rather - Peer   Say on; don't waste time about it! Anitra   I don't care so much about having a soul; -   give me rather - Peer   What, child? Anitra [pointing to his turban].   That lovely opal Peer [enchanted, handing her the jewel].   Anitra! Anitra! true daughter of Eve!   I feel thee magnetic; for I am a man.   And, as a much-esteemed author has phrased it:   "Das Ewig-Weibliche ziehet uns an!" Seventh Scene [A moonlight night. The palm-grove outside Anitra's tent.]     [Peer Gynt is sitting beneath a tree, with an Arabian lute in his hands. His beard and hair are clipped; he looks considerably younger.] Peer Gynt [plays and sings].   I double-locked my Paradise,   and took its key with me.   The north-wind bore me seaward ho!   while lovely women all forlorn   wept on the ocean strand.   Still southward, southward clove my keel   the salt sea-currents through.   Where palms were swaying proud and fair,   a garland round the ocean-bight,   I set my ship afire.   I climbed aboard the desert ship,   a ship on four stout legs.   It foamed beneath the lashing whip -   oh, catch me; I'm a flitting bird; -   I'm twittering on a bough!   Anitra, you are the palm-tree's must;   that know I now full well!   Ay, even the Angora goat-milk cheese   is scarcely half such dainty fare,   Anitra, ah, as you!   [He hangs the lute over his shoulder, and comes forward.]     Stillness! Is the fair one listening?   Has she heard my little song?   Peeps she from behind the curtain,   veil and so forth cast aside? -   Hush! A sound as though a cork   from a bottle burst amain!   Now once more! And yet again!   Love-sighs can it be? or songs? -   No, it is distinctly snoring. -   Dulcet strain! Anitra sleepeth!   Nightingale, your warbling stay!   Every sort of woe betide thee,   if with gurgling trill you darest -   but, as says the text: Let be!   Nightingale, you are a singer;   ah, even such an one am I.   He, like me, ensnares with music   tender, shrinking little hearts.   Balmy night is made for music;   music is our common sphere;   in the act of singing, we are   we, Peer Gynt and nightingale.   And the maiden's very sleeping   is my passion's crowning bliss; -   for the lips protruded over the   beaker yet untasted quite -   but she's coming, I declare!   After all, it's best she should. Anitra [from the tent].   Master, call'st you in the night? Peer   Yes indeed, the Prophet calls.   I was wakened by the cat   with a furious hunting-hubbub - Anitra   Ah, not hunting-noises, Master;   it was something much, much worse. Peer   What, then, was't? Anitra   Oh, spare me! Peer   Speak. Anitra   Oh, I blush to - Peer [approaching].   Was it, mayhap,   that which filled me so completely   when I let you have my opal? Anitra [horrified].   Liken thee, O earth's great treasure,   to a horrible old cat! Peer   Child, from passion's standpoint viewed,   may a tom-cat and a prophet   come to very much the same. Anitra   Master, jest like honey floweth   from your lips. Peer   My little friend,   you, like other maidens, judge   great men by their outsides only.   I am full of jest at bottom,   most of all when we're alone.   I am forced by my position   to assume a solemn mask.   Duties of the day constrain me;   all the reckonings and worry   that I have with one and all,   make me oft a cross-grained prophet;   but it's only from the tongue out. -   Fudge, avaunt! En tete-a-tete   I'm Peer-well, the man I am.   Hei, away now with the prophet;   me, myself, you have me here!   [Seats himself under a tree, and draws her to him.]   Come, Anitra, we will rest us   underneath the palm's green fan-shade!   I'll lie whispering, you'll lie smiling;   afterwards our roles exchange we;   then shall your lips, fresh and balmy,   to my smiling, passion whisper! Anitra [lies down at his feet].   All your words are sweet as singing,   though I understand but little.   Master, tell me, can your daughter   catch a soul by listening? Peer   Soul, and spirit's light and knowledge,   all in good time you shall have them.   When in east, on rosy streamers   golden types print: Here is day, -   then, my child, I'll give you lessons;   you'll be well brought-up, no fear.   But, 'mid night's delicious stillness,   it were stupid if I should,   with a threadbare wisdom's remnants,   play the part of pedagogue. -   And the soul, moreover, is not,   looked at properly, the main thing.   It's the heart that really matters. Anitra   Speak, O Master! When you speakest,   I see gleams, as though of opals! Peer   Wisdom in extremes is folly;   coward blossoms into tyrant;   truth, when carried to excess,   ends in wisdom written backwards.   Ay, my daughter, I'm forsworn   as a dog if there are not   folk with o'erfed souls on earth   who shall scarce attain to clearness.   Once I met with such a fellow,   of the flock the very flower;   and even he mistook his goal,   losing sense in blatant sound. -   See the waste round this oasis.   Were I but to swing my turban,   I could force the ocean-flood   to fill up the whole concern.   But I were a blockhead, truly,   seas and lands to go creating.   Know you what it is to live? Anitra   Teach me! Peer   It is to be wafted   dry-shod down the stream of time,   wholly, solely as oneself.   Only in full manhood can I   be the man I am, dear child!   Aged eagle moults his plumage,   aged fogey lags declining,   aged dame has never a tooth left,   aged churl gets withered hands, -   one and all get souls.   Youth! Ah, youth! I mean to reign,   as a sultan, whole and fiery, -   not on Gyntiana's shores,   under trellised vines and palm-leaves, -   but enthroned in the freshness   of a woman's virgin thoughts. -   See you now, my little maiden,   why I've graciously bewitched you, -   why I have your heart selected,   and established, so to speak,   there my being's Caliphate?   All your longings shall be mine.   I'm an autocrat in passion!   You shall live for me alone.   I'll be he who shall enthrall   you like gold and precious stones.   Should we part, then life is over, -   that is, your life, nota bene!   Every inch and fibre of you,   will-less, without yea or nay,   I must know filled full of me.   Midnight beauties of your tresses,   all that's lovely to be named,   shall, like Babylonian gardens,   tempt your Sultan to his tryst.   After all, I don't complain, then,   of your empty forehead-vault.   With a soul, one's oft absorbed in   contemplation of oneself.   Listen, while we're on the subject, -   if you like it, faith, you shall   have a ring about your ankle: -   'twill be best for both of us.   I will be your soul by proxy;   for the rest-why, status quo.   [Anitra snores.]   What! She sleeps! Then has it glided   bootless past her, all I've said? -   No; it marks my influence over her   that she floats away in dreams   on my love-talk as it flows.   [Rises, and lays trinkets in her lap.]   Here are jewels! Here are more!   Sleep, Anitra! Dream of Peer-.   Sleep! In sleeping, you the crown have   placed upon your Emperor's brow!   Victory on his Person's basis   has Peer Gynt this night achieved. Eighth Scene [A caravan route. The oasis is seen far off in the background.]        [Peer Gynt comes galloping across the desert on his white horse, with Anitra before him on his saddle-bow.] Anitra   Let be, or I'll bite you! Peer   You little rogue! Anitra   What would you? Peer   What would I? Play hawk and dove!   Run away with you! Frolic and frisk a bit! Anitra   For shame! An old prophet like you -! Peer   Oh, stuff!   The prophet's not old at all, you goose!   Do you think all this is a sign of age? Anitra   Let me go! I want to go home! Peer   Coquette!   What, home! To father-in-law! That would be fine!   We madcap birds that have flown from the cage   must never come into his sight again.   Besides, my child, in the self-same place   it's wisest never to stay too long;   for familiarity lessens respect; -   most of all when one comes as a prophet or such.   One should show oneself glimpse-wise, and pass like a dream.   Faith, 'twas time that the visit should come to an end.   They're unstable of soul, are these sons of the desert; -   both incense and prayers dwindled off towards the end. Anitra   Yes, but are you a prophet? Peer   Your Emperor I am!   [Tries to kiss her.]   Why just see now how coy the wee woodpecker is! Anitra   Give me that ring that you have on your finger. Peer   Take, sweet Anitra, the whole of the trash! Anitra   Your words are as songs! Oh, how dulcet their sound! Peer   How blessed to know oneself loved to this pitch!   I'll dismount! Like your slave, I will lead your palfrey!   [Hands her his riding-whip, and dismounts.]   There now, my rosebud, my exquisite flower!   Here I'll go trudging my way through the sand,   till a sunstroke o'ertakes me and finishes me.   I'm young, Anitra; bear that in mind!   You mustn't be shocked at my escapades.   Frolics and high-jinks are youth's sole criterion!   And so, if your intellect weren't so dense,   you would see at a glance, oh my fair oleander, -   your lover is frolicsome-ergo, he's young! Anitra   Yes, you are young. Have you any more rings? Peer   Am I not? There, grab! I can leap like a buck!   Were there vine-leaves around, I would garland my brow.   To be sure I am young! Hei, I'm going to dance!   [Dances and sings.]   I am a blissful game-cock!   Peck me, my little pullet!   Hop-sa-sa! Let me trip it; -   I am a blissful game-cock! Anitra   You are sweating, my prophet; I fear you will melt; -   hand me that heavy bag hung at your belt. Peer   Tender solicitude! Bear the purse ever; -   hearts that can love are content without gold!   [Dances and sings again.]   Young Peer Gynt is the maddest wag; -   he knows not what foot he shall stand upon.   Pooh, says Peer;-pooh, never mind!   Young Peer Gynt is the maddest wag! Anitra   What joy when the Prophet steps forth in the dance! Peer   Oh, bother the Prophet!-Suppose we change clothes!   Heisa! Strip off! Anitra   Your caftan were too long,   your girdle too wide, and your stockings too tight - Peer   Eh bien!   [Kneels down.]   But vouchsafe me a vehement sorrow-, -   to a heart full of love, it is sweet to suffer!   Listen; as soon as we're home at my castle - Anitra   In your Paradise;-have we far to ride? Peer   Oh, a thousand miles or - Anitra   Too far! Peer   Oh, listen; -   you shall have the soul that I promised you once - Anitra   Oh, thank you; I'll get on without the soul.   But you asked for a sorrow - Peer [rising].   Ay, curse me, I did!   A keen one, but short, - to last two or three days! Anitra   Anitra obeyeth the Prophet! - Farewell!   [Gives him a smart cut across the fingers, and dashes off, at a tearing gallop, back across the desert.] Peer [stands for a long time thunderstruck].   Well now, may I be -! Ninth Scene [The same place, an hour later.]   [Peer Gynt is stripping off his Turkish costume; soberly and thoughtfully, bit by bit. Last of all, he takes his little travelling-cap out of his coat-pocket, puts it on, and stands once more in European dress.] Peer Gynt [throwing the turban far away from him].     There lies the Turk, then, and here stand I! -   These heathenish doings are no sort of good.   It's lucky 'twas only a matter of clothes,   and not, as the saying goes, bred in the bone. -   What tempted me into that galley at all?   It's best, in the long run, to live as a Christian,   to put away peacock-like ostentation,   to base all one's dealings on law and morality,   to be ever oneself, and to earn at the last   speech at one's grave-side, and wreaths on one's coffin.   [Walks a few steps.]   The hussy;-she was on the very verge   of turning my head clean topsy-turvy.   May I be a troll if I understand   what it was that dazed and bemused me so.   Well; it's well that's done: had the joke been carried   but one step on, I'd have looked absurd. -   I have erred;-but at least it's a consolation   that my error was due to the false situation.   It wasn't my personal self that fell.   'Twas in fact this prophetical way of life,   so utterly lacking the salt of activity,   that took its revenge in these qualms of bad taste.   It's a sorry business this prophetising!   One's office compels one to walk in a mist;   in playing the prophet, you throw up the game   the moment you act like a rational being.   In so far I've done what the occasion demanded,   in the mere fact of paying my court to that goose.   But, nevertheless -   [Bursts out laughing.]   Hm, to think of it now!   To try to make time stop by jigging and dancing,   and to cope with the current by capering and prancing!   To thrum on the lute-strings, to fondle and sigh,   and end, like a rooster,-by getting well plucked!   Such conduct is truly prophetic frenzy. -   Yes, plucked!-Phew! I'm plucked clean enough indeed.   Well, well, I've a trifle still left in reserve;   I've a little in America, a little in my pocket;   so I won't be quite driven to beg my bread. -   And at bottom this middle condition is best.   I'm no longer a slave to my coachman and horses;   I haven't to fret about postchaise or baggage;   I am master, in short, of the situation. -   What path should I choose? Many paths lie before me;   and a wise man is known from a fool by his choice.   My business life is a finished chapter;   my love-sports, too, are a cast-off garment.   I feel no desire to live back like a crab.   "Forward or back, and it's just as far;   out or in, and it's just as strait," -   so I seem to have read in some luminous work. -   I'll try something new, then; ennoble my course;   find a goal worth the labour and money it costs.   Shall I write my life without dissimulation, -   a book for guidance and imitation?   Or stay-! I have plenty of time at command; -   what if, as a travelling scientist,   I should study past ages and time's voracity?   Ay, sure enough; that is the thing for me!   Legends I read e'en in childhood's days,   and since then I've kept up that branch of learning. -   I will follow the path of the human race!   Like a feather I'll float on the stream of history,   make it all live again, as in a dream, -   see the heroes battling for truth and right,   as an onlooker only, in safety ensconced, -   see thinkers perish and martyrs bleed,   see empires founded and vanish away, -   see world-epochs grow from their trifling seeds;   in short, I will skim off the cream of history. -   I must try to get hold of a volume of Becker,   and travel as far as I can by chronology. -   It's true-my grounding's by no means thorough,   and history's wheels within wheels are deceptive; -   but pooh; the wilder the starting-point,   the result will oft be the more original. -   How exalting it is, now, to choose a goal,   and drive straight for it, like flint and steel!   [With quiet emotion.]   To break off all round one, on every side,   the bonds that bind one to home and friends, -   to blow into atoms one's hoarded wealth, -   to bid one's love and its joys good-night, -   all simply to find the arcana of truth, -   [Wiping a tear from his eye.]   that is the test of the true man of science! -   I feel myself happy beyond all measure.   Now I have fathomed my destiny's riddle.   Now 'tis but persevering through thick and thin!   It's excusable, sure, if I hold up my head,   and feel my worth, as the man, Peer Gynt,   also called Human-life's Emperor. -   I will own the sum-total of bygone days;   I'll nevermore tread in the paths of the living.   The present is not worth so much as a shoe-sole;   all faithless and marrowless the doings of men;   their soul has no wings and their deeds no weight;   [Shrugs his shoulders.]   and women,-ah, they are a worthless crew!   [Goes off.] Tenth Scene [A summer day. Far up in the North. A hut in the forest. The door, with a large wooden bar, stands open. Reindeer-horns over it. A flock of goats by the wall of the hut.]   [A middle-aged woman, fair-haired and comely, sits spinning outside in the sunshine.] The woman [glances down the path, and sings].   Maybe both the winter and spring will pass by,   and the next summer too, and the whole of the year; -   but you wilt come one day, that know I full well;   and I will await thee, as I promised of old.   [Calls the goats, and sings again.]   God strengthen thee, whereso you goest in the world!   God gladden thee, if at his footstool you stand!   Here will I await thee till you comest again;   and if you wait up yonder, then there we'll meet, my friend! clear=all> Eleventh Scene [In Egypt. Daybreak. Memnon's statue amid the sands.]        [Peer Gynt enters on foot, and looks around him for a while.] Peer Gynt   Here I might fittingly start on my wanderings. -   So now, for a change, I've become an Egyptian;   but Egyptian on the basis of the Gyntish I.   To Assyria next I will bend my steps.   To begin right back at the world's creation   would lead to nought but bewilderment.   I will go round about all the Bible history;   its secular traces I'll always be coming on;   and to look, as the saying goes, into its seams,   lies entirely outside both my plan and my powers.   [Sits upon a stone.]   Now I will rest me, and patiently wait   till the statue has sung its habitual dawn-song.   When breakfast is over, I'll climb up the pyramid;   if I've time, I'll look through its interior afterwards.   Then I'll go round the head of the Red Sea by land;   perhaps I may hit on King Potiphar's grave. -   Next I'll turn Asiatic. In Babylon I'll seek for   the far-renowned harlots and hanging gardens, -   that's to say, the chief traces of civilisation.   Then at one bound to the ramparts of Troy.   From Troy there's a fareway by sea direct   across to the glorious ancient Athens; -   there on the spot will I, stone by stone,   survey the Pass that Leonidas guarded.   I will get up the works of the better philosophers,   find the prison where Socrates suffered, a martyr-;   oh no, by-the-bye-there's a war there at present-!   Well then, my Hellenism must even stand over.   [Looks at his watch.]   It's really too bad, such an age as it takes   for the sun to rise. I am pressed for time.   Well then, from Troy-it was there I left off -   [Rises and listens.]   What is that strange sort of murmur that's rushing -?   [Sunrise.] Memnon's statue [sings].   From the demigod's ashes there soar, youth-renewing,   birds ever singing.   Zeus the Omniscient   shaped them contending   Owls of wisdom,   my birds, where do they slumber?   You must die if you rede not   the song's enigma! Peer   How strange now, - I really fancied there came   from the statue a sound. Music, this, of the Past.   I heard the stone-accents now rising, now sinking. -   I will register it, for the learned to ponder.   [Notes in his pocket-book.]   "The statue did sing. I heard the sound plainly,   but didn't quite follow the text of the song.   The whole thing, of course, was hallucination. -   Nothing else of importance observed today."   [Proceeds on his way.] Twelfth Scene [Near the village of Gizeh. The great sphinx carved out of the rock. In the distance the spires and minarets of Cairo.]        [Peer Gynt enters; he examines the sphinx attentively, now through his eyeglass, now through his hollowed hand.] Peer Gynt   Now, where in the world have I met before   something half forgotten that's like this hobgoblin?   For met it I have, in the north or the south.   Was it a person? And, if so, who?   That Memnon, it afterwards crossed my mind,   was like the Old Men of the Dovre, so called,   just as he sat there, stiff and stark,   planted on end on the stumps of pillars. -   But this most curious mongrel here,   this changeling, a lion and woman in one, -   does he come to me, too, from a fairy-tale,   or from a remembrance of something real?   From a fairy-tale? Ho, I remember the fellow!   Why, of course it's the Boyg, that I smote on the skull, -   that is, I dreamt it,-I lay in fever. -   [Going closer.]   The self-same eyes, and the self-same lips; -   not quite so lumpish; a little more cunning;   but the same, for the rest, in all essentials. -   Ay, so that's it, Boyg; so you're like a lion   when one sees you from behind and meets you in the daytime!   Are you still good at riddling? Come, let us try.   Now we shall see if you answer as last time!   [Calls out towards the sphinx.]   Hei, Boyg, who are you? A voice [behind the sphinx].   Ach, Sphinx, wer bist du? Peer   What! Echo answers in German! How strange!   The voice   Wer bist du? Peer   It speaks it quite fluently too!   That observation is new, and my own.   [Notes in his book.]   "Echo in German. Dialect, Berlin."   [Begriffenfeldt comes out from behind the sphinx.] Begriffenfeldt   A man! Peer   Oh, then it was he that was chattering.   [Notes again.]   "Arrived in the sequel at other results." Begriffenfeldt [with all sorts of restless antics].     Excuse me, mein Herr -! Eine Lebensfrage -!   What brings you to this place precisely today? Peer   A visit. I'm greeting a friend of my youth. Begriffenfeldt   What? The Sphinx-? Peer [nods].   Yes, I knew him in days gone by. Begriffenfeldt   Famos!-And that after such a night!   My temples are hammering as though they would burst!   You know him, man! Answer! Say on! Can you tell   what he is? Peer   What he is? Yes, that's easy enough.   He's himself. Begriffenfeldt [with a bound].   Ha, the riddle of life lightened forth   in a flash to my vision! - It's certain he is   himself? Peer   Yes, he says so, at any rate. Begriffenfeldt   Himself! Revolution! thine hour is at hand!   [Takes off his hat.]   Your name, pray, mein Herr? Peer   I was christened Peer Gynt. Begriffenfeldt [in rapt admiration].   Peer Gynt! Allegoric! I might have foreseen it. -   Peer Gynt? That must clearly imply: The Unknown, -   the Comer whose coming was foretold to me - Peer   What, really? And now you are here to meet -? Begriffenfeldt   Peer Gynt! Profound! Enigmatic! Incisive!   Each word, as it were, an abysmal lesson!   What are you? Peer [modestly].   I've always endeavoured to be   myself. For the rest, here's my passport, you see. Begriffenfeldt   Again that mysterious word at the bottom.   [Seizes him by the wrist.]   To Cairo! The Interpreters' Kaiser is found! Peer   Kaiser? Begriffenfeldt   Come on! Peer   Am I really known -? Begriffenfeldt [dragging him away].   The Interpreters' Kaiser - on the basis of Self! Thirteenth Scene [In Cairo. A large courtyard, surrounded by high walls and buildings. Barred windows; iron cages.]        [Three keepers in the courtyard. A fourth comes in.] The new-comer   Schafmann, say, where's the director gone? A keeper   He drove out this morning some time before dawn. The first   I think something must have occurred to annoy him;   for last night - Another   Hush, be quiet; he's there at the door!   [Begriffenfeldt leads Peer Gynt in, locks the gate, and puts the key in his pocket.] Peer [to himself].   Indeed an exceedingly gifted man;   almost all that he says is beyond comprehension.   [Looks around.]   So this is the Club of the Savants, eh? Begriffenfeldt   Here you will find them, every man jack of them; -   the group of Interpreters threescore and ten;   it's been lately increased by a hundred and sixty -   [Shouts to the keepers.]   Mikkel, Schlingelberg, Schafmann, Fuchs, -   into the cages with you at once! The keepers   We! Begriffenfeldt   Who else, pray? Get in, get in!   When the world twirls around, we must twirl with it too.   [Forces them into a cage.]   He's arrived this morning, the mighty Peer; -   the rest you can guess, - I need say no more.   [Locks the cage door, and throws the key into a well.] Peer   But, my dear Herr Doctor and Director, pray -? Begriffenfeldt   Neither one nor the other! I was before -   Herr Peer, are you secret? I must ease my heart - Peer [with increasing uneasiness].   What is it? Begriffenfeldt   Promise you will not tremble. Peer   I will do my best, but - Begriffenfeldt [draws him into a corner, and whispers].     The Absolute Reason   departed this life at eleven last night. Peer   God help me -! Begriffenfeldt   Why, yes, it's extremely deplorable.   And as I'm placed, you see, it is doubly unpleasant;   for this institution has passed up to now   for what's called a madhouse. Peer   A madhouse, ha! Begriffenfeldt   Not now, understand! Peer [softly, pale with fear].   Now I see what the place is!   And the man is mad; - and there's none that knows it!   [Tries to steal away.] Begriffenfeldt [following him].   However, I hope you don't misunderstand me?   When I said he was dead, I was talking stuff.   He's beside himself. Started clean out of his skin, -   just like my compatriot Munchausen's fox. Peer   Excuse me a moment - Begriffenfeldt [holding him back].   I meant like an eel; -   it was not like a fox. A needle through his eye; -   and he writhed on the wall - Peer   Where can rescue be found! Begriffenfeldt   A snick round his neck, and whip! out of his skin! Peer   He's raving! He's utterly out of his wits! Begriffenfeldt   Now it's patent, and can't be dissimulated,   that this from-himself-going must have for result   a complete revolution by sea and land.   The persons one hitherto reckoned as mad,   you see, became normal last night at eleven,   accordant with Reason in its newest phase.   And more, if the matter be rightly regarded,   it's patent that, at the aforementioned hour,   the sane folks, so called, began forthwith to rave. Peer   You mentioned the hour, sir, my time is but scant - Begriffenfeldt   Your time, did you say? There you jog my remembrance!   [Opens a door and calls out.]   Come forth all! The time that shall be is proclaimed!   Reason is dead and gone; long live Peer Gynt! Peer   Now, my dear good fellow-!   [The lunatics come one by one, and at intervals, into the courtyard.] Begriffenfeldt   Good morning! Come forth,   and hail the dawn of emancipation!   Your Kaiser has come to you! Peer   Kaiser? Begriffenfeldt   Of course! Peer   But the honour's so great, so entirely excessive - Begriffenfeldt   Oh, do not let any false modesty sway you   at an hour such as this. Peer   But at least give me time -!   No, indeed, I'm not fit; I'm completely dumbfounded! Begriffenfeldt   A man who has fathomed the sphinx's meaning!   A man who's himself! Peer   Ay, but that's just the rub.   It's true that in everything I am myself;   but here the point is, if I follow your meaning,   to be, so to phrase it, outside oneself. Begriffenfeldt   Outside? No, there you are strangely mistaken!   It's here, sir, that one is oneself with a vengeance;   oneself, and nothing whatever besides.   We go, full sail, as our very selves.   Each one shuts himself up in the barrel of self,   in the self-fermentation he dives to the bottom, -   with the self-bung he seals it hermetically,   and seasons the staves in the well of self.   No one has tears for the other's woes;   no one has mind for the other's ideas.   We're our very selves, both in thought and tone,   ourselves to the spring-board's uttermost verge, -   and so, if a Kaiser's to fill the throne,   it is clear that you are the very man. Peer   O would that the devil -! Begriffenfeldt   Come, don't be cast down;   almost all things in nature are new at the first.   "Oneself;" - come, here you shall see an example;   I'll choose you at random the first man that comes   [To a gloomy figure.]   Good-day, Huhu! Well, my boy, wandering round   for ever with misery's impress upon you? Huhu   Can I help it, when the people,   race by race, dies untranslated?   [To Peer Gynt.]   You're a stranger; will you listen? Peer [bowing].   Oh, by all means! Huhu   Lend your ear then. -   Eastward far, like brow-borne garlands,   lie the Malabarish seaboards.   Hollanders and Portugueses   compass all the land with culture.   There, moreover, swarms are dwelling   of the pure-bred Malabaris.   These have muddled up the language,   they now lord it in the country. -   But in long-departed ages   there the orang-outang was ruler.   He, the forest's lord and master,   freely fought and snarled in freedom.   As the hand of nature shaped him,   just so grinned he, just so gaped he.   He could shriek unreprehended;   he was ruler in his kingdom. -   Ah, but then the foreign yoke came,   marred the forest-tongue primeval.   Twice two hundred years of darkness   brooded over the race of monkeys;   and, you know, nights so protracted   bring a people to a standstill. -   Mute are now the wood-notes primal;   grunts and growls are heard no longer; -   if we'd utter our ideas,   it must be by means of language.   What constraint on all and sundry!   Hollanders and Portugueses,   half-caste race and Malabaris,   all alike must suffer by it. -   I have tried to fight the battle   of our real, primal wood-speech, -   tried to bring to life its carcass, -   proved the people's right of shrieking, -   shrieked myself, and shown the need of   shrieks in poems for the people. -   Scantly, though, my work is valued. -   Now I think you grasp my sorrow.   Thanks for lending me a hearing; -   have you counsel, let me hear it! Peer [softly].   It is written: Best be howling   with the wolves that are about you.   [Aloud.]   Friend, if I remember rightly,   there are bushes in Morocco,   where orang-outangs in plenty   live with neither bard nor spokesman; -   their speech sounded Malabarish; -   it was classical and pleasing.   Why don't you, like other worthies,   emigrate to serve your country? Huhu   Thanks for lending me a hearing; -   I will do as you advise me.   [With a large gesture.]   East! you have disowned your singer!   West! you have orang-outangs still!   [Goes.] Begriffenfeldt   Well, was he himself? I should rather think so.   He's filled with his own affairs, simply and solely.   He's himself in all that comes out of him, -   himself, just because he's beside himself.   Come here! Now I'll show you another one,   who's no less, since last evening, accordant with Reason.   [To a fellah, with a mummy on his back.]   King Apis, how goes it, my mighty lord? The fellah [wildly, to Peer Gynt].   Am I King Apis? Peer [getting behind the doctor].   I'm sorry to say   I'm not quite at home in the situation;   but I certainly gather, to judge by your tone - The fellah   Now you too are lying. Begriffenfeldt   Your Highness should state   how the whole matter stands. The fellah   Yes, I'll tell him my tale.   [Turns to Peer Gynt.]   Do you see whom I bear on my shoulders?   His name was King Apis of old.   Now he goes by the title of mummy,   and withal he's completely dead.   All the pyramids yonder he builded,   and hewed out the mighty Sphinx,   and fought, as the Doctor puts it,   with the Turks, both to rechts and links.   And therefore the whole of Egypt   exalted him as a god,   and set up his image in temples,   in the outward shape of a bull. -   But I am this very King Apis,   I see that as clear as day;   and if you don't understand it,   you shall understand it soon.   King Apis, you see, was out hunting,   and got off his horse awhile,   and withdrew himself unattended   to a part of my ancestor's land.   But the field that King Apis manured   has nourished me with its corn,   and if further proofs are demanded,   know, I have invisible horns.   Now, isn't it most accursed   that no one will own my might!   By birth I am Apis of Egypt,   but a fellah in other men's sight.   Can you tell me what course to follow? -   then counsel me honestly. -   The problem is how to make me   resemble King Apis the Great. Peer   Build pyramids then, your highness,   and carve out a greater Sphinx,   and fight, as the Doctor puts it,   with the Turks, both to rechts and links. The fellah   Ay, that is all mighty fine talking!   A fellah! A hungry louse!   I, who scarcely can keep my hovel   clear even of rats and mice.   Quick, man,-think of something better,   that'll make me both great and safe,   and further, exactly like to   King Apis that's on my back! Peer   What if your highness hanged you,   and then, in the lap of earth,   'twixt the coffin's natural frontiers,   kept still and completely dead. The fellah   I'll do it! My life for a halter!   To the gallows with hide and hair! -   At first there will be some difference,   but that time will smooth away.   [Goes off and prepares to hang himself.] Begriffenfeldt   There's a personality for you, Herr Peer, -   a man of method - Peer   Yes, yes; I see-;   but he'll really hang himself! God grant us grace!   I'll be ill;-I can scarcely command my thoughts! Begriffenfeldt   A state of transition; it won't last long. Peer   Transition? To what? With your leave-I must go - Begriffenfeldt [holding him].   Are you crazy? Peer   Not yet -. Crazy? Heaven forbid!   [A commotion. The Minister Hussein forces his way through the crowd.] Hussein   They tell me a Kaiser has come today.   [To Peer Gynt.]   It is you? Peer [in desperation].   Yes, that is a settled thing! Hussein   Good.-Then no doubt there are notes to be answered? Peer [tearing his hair].   Come on! Right you are, sir;-the madder the better! Hussein   Will you do me the honour of taking a dip?   [Bowing deeply.]   I am a pen. Peer [bowing still deeper].   Why then I am quite clearly   a rubbishy piece of imperial parchment. Hussein   My story, my lord, is concisely this:   they take me for a sand-box, and I am a pen. Peer   My story, Sir Pen, is, to put it briefly:   I'm a blank sheet of paper that no one will write on. Hussein   No man understands in the least what I'm good for;   they all want to use me for scattering sand with! Peer   I was in a woman's keeping a silver-clasped book; -   it's one and the same misprint to be either mad or sane! Hussein [with high leap].   Just fancy, what an exhausting life:   to be a pen and never taste the edge of a knife! Peer   Just fancy, for a reindeer to leap from on high -   to fall and fall-and never feel the ground beneath your   hoofs! Hussein   A knife! I am blunt;-quick, mend me and slit me!   The world will go to ruin if they don't mend my point for me! ! Peer   A pity for the world which, like other self-made things,   was reckoned by the Lord to be so excellently good. Begriffenfeldt   Here's a knife! Hussein [seizing it].   Ah, how I shall lick up the ink now!   Oh, what rapture to cut oneself!   [Cuts his throat.] Begriffenfeldt [stepping aside].   Pray do not sputter. Peer [in increasing terror].   Hold him! Hussein   Ay, hold me! That is the word!   Hold! Hold the pen! On the desk with the paper-!   [Falls.]   I'm outworn. The postscript-remember it, pray:   He lived and he died as a fate-guided pen! Peer [dizzily].   What shall I -! What am I? You mighty -, hold fast!   I am all that you will, - I'm a Turk, I'm a sinner -   a hill-troll -; but help; - there was something that burst -!     [Shrieks.]   I cannot just hit on your name at the moment; -   oh, come to my aid, you - all madmen's protector!   [Sinks down insensible.] Begriffenfeldt [with a wreath of straw in his hand, gives a bound and sits astride of him].   Ha! See him in the mire enthroned; -   beside himself -! To crown him now!   Long life, long life to Self-hood's Kaiser! Schafmann [in the cage].   Es lebe hoch der grosse Peer! height="23" align="left"> Fifth Act First Scene [On board a ship on the North Sea, off the Norwegian coast. Sunset. Stormy weather.]        [Peer Gynt, a vigorous old man, with grizzled hair and beard, is standing aft on the poop. He is dressed half sailor-fashion, with a pea-jacket and long boots. His clothing is rather the worse for wear; he himself is weather-beaten, and has a somewhat harder expression. The captain is standing beside the steersman at the wheel. The crew are forward.] Peer Gynt [leans with his arms on the bulwark, and gazes towards the land].   Look at Hallingskarv in his winter furs; -   he's ruffling it, old one, in the evening glow.   The Jokel, his brother, stands behind him askew;   he's got his green ice-mantle still on his back.   The Flogefann, now, she is mighty fine, -   lying there like a maiden in spotless white.   Don't you be madcaps, old boys that you are!   Stand where you stand; you're but granite knobs. The captain [shouts forward].   Two hands to the wheel, and the lantern aloft! Peer   It's blowing up stiff - The captain   -for a gale tonight. Peer   Can one see the Ronde Hills from the sea? The captain   No, how should you? They lie at the back of the snow-fields. Peer   Or Blaho? The captain   No; but from up in the rigging,   you've a glimpse, in clear weather, of Galdhopiggen. Peer   Where does Harteig lie? The captain [pointing].   About over there. Peer   I thought so. The captain   You know where you are, it appears. Peer   When I left the country, I sailed by here;   And the dregs, says the proverb, hang in to the last.   [Spits, and gazes at the coast.]   In there, where the scaurs and the clefts lie blue, -   where the valleys, like trenches, gloom narrow and black,   and underneath, skirting the open fiords, -   it's in places like these human beings abide.   [Looks at the captain.]   They build far apart in this country. The captain   Ay;   few are the dwellings and far between. Peer   Shall we get in by day-break? The captain   Thereabouts;   if we don't have too dirty a night altogether. Peer   It grows thick in the west. The captain   It does so. Peer   Stop a bit!   You might put me in mind when we make up accounts -   I'm inclined, as the phrase goes, to do a good turn   to the crew - The captain   I thank you. Peer   It won't be much.   I have dug for gold, and lost what I found; -   we are quite at loggerheads, Fate and I.   You know what I've got in safe keeping on board -   that's all I have left;-the rest's gone to the devil. The captain   It's more than enough, though, to make you of weight   among people at home here. Peer   I've no relations.   There's no one awaiting the rich old curmudgeon. -   Well; that saves you, at least, any scenes on the pier! The captain   Here comes the storm. Peer   Well, remember then -   If any of your crew are in real need,   I won't look too closely after the money - The captain   That's kind. They are most of them ill enough off;   they have all got their wives and their children at home.   With their wages alone they can scarce make ends meet;   but if they come home with some cash to the good,   it will be a return not forgot in a hurry. Peer   What do you say? Have they wives and children?   Are they married? The captain   Married? Ay, every man of them.   But the one that is worst off of all is the cook;   black famine is ever at home in his house. Peer   Married? They've folks that await them at home?   Folks to be glad when they come? Eh? The captain   Of course,   in poor people's fashion. Peer   And come they one evening,   what then? The captain   Why, I daresay the goodwife will fetch   something good for a treat - Peer   And a light in the sconce? The captain   Ay, ay, may be two; and a dram to their supper. Peer   And there they sit snug! There's a fire on the hearth!   They've their children about them! The room's full of chatter;     not one hears another right out to an end,   for the joy that is on them-! The captain   It's likely enough.   So it's really kind, as you promised just now,   to help eke things out. Peer [thumping the bulwark].   I'll be damned if I do!   Do you think I am mad? Would you have me fork out   for the sake of a parcel of other folks' brats?   I've slaved much too sorely in earning my cash!   There's nobody waiting for old Peer Gynt. The captain   Well well; as you please then; your money's your own. Peer   Right! Mine it is, and no one else's.   We'll reckon as soon as your anchor is down!   Take my fare, in the cabin, from Panama here.   Then brandy all round to the crew. Nothing more.   If I give a doit more, slap my jaw for me, Captain. The captain   I owe you a quittance, and not a thrashing; -   but excuse me, the wind's blowing up to a gale.     [He goes forward. It has fallen dark; lights are lit in the cabin. The sea increases. Fog and thick clouds.] Peer   To have a whole bevy of youngsters at home; -   still to dwell in their minds as a coming delight; -   to have others' thoughts follow you still on your path! -   There's never a soul gives a thought to me. -   Lights in the sconces! I'll put out those lights.   I will hit upon something!-I'll make them all drunk; -   not one of the devils shall go sober ashore.   They shall all come home drunk to their children and wives!   They shall curse; bang the table till it rings again, -   they shall scare those that wait for them out of their wits!   The goodwife shall scream and rush forth from the house, -   clutch her children along! All their joy gone to ruin!   [The ship gives a heavy lurch; he staggers and keeps his balance with difficulty.]   Why, that was a buffet and no mistake.   The sea's hard at labour, as though it were paid for it; -   it's still itself here on the coasts of the north; -   a cross-sea, as wry and wrong-headed as ever -   [Listens.]   Why, what can those screams be? The look-out [forward].   A wreck a-lee! The captain [on the main deck, shouts].   Helm hard a-starboard! Bring her up to the wind! The mate   Are there men on the wreck? The look-out   I can just see three! Peer   Quick! lower the stern boat - The captain   She'd fill ere she floated.   [Goes forward.] Peer   Who can think of that now?   [To some of the crew.]   If you're men, to the rescue!   What the devil, if you should get a bit of a ducking! The boatswain   It's out of the question in such a sea. Peer   They are screaming again! There's a lull in the wind. -   Cook, will you risk it? Quick! I will pay - The cook   No, not if you offered me twenty pounds-sterling - Peer   You hounds! You chicken-hearts! Can you forget   these are men that have goodwives and children at home?   There they're sitting and waiting - The boatswain   Well, patience is wholesome. The captain   Bear away from that sea! The mate   There the wreck turned over! Peer   All is silent of a sudden-! The boatswain   Were they married, as you think,   there are three new-baked widows even now in the world.   [The storm increases. Peer Gynt moves away aft.] Peer   There is no faith left among men any more, -   no Christianity,-well may they say it and write it; -   their good deeds are few and their prayers are still fewer,   and they pay no respect to the Powers above them. -   In a storm like tonight's, he's a terror, the Lord is.   These beasts should be careful, and think, what's the truth,   that it's dangerous playing with elephants; -   and yet they must openly brave his displeasure!   I am no whit to blame; for the sacrifice   I can prove I stood ready, my money in hand.   But how does it profit me?-What says the proverb?   A conscience at ease is a pillow of down.   Oh ay, that is all very well on dry land,   but I'm blest if it matters a snuff on board ship,   when a decent man's out on the seas with such riff-raff.   At sea one never can be one's self;   one must go with the others from deck to keel;   if for boatswain and cook the hour of vengeance should strike,     I shall no doubt be swept to the deuce with the rest; -   one's personal welfare is clean set aside; -   one counts but as a sausage in slaughtering-time. -   My mistake is this: I have been too meek;   and I've had no thanks for it after all.   Were I younger, I. think I would shift the saddle,   and try how it answered to lord it awhile.   There is time enough yet! They shall know in the parish   that Peer has come sailing aloft over the seas!   I'll get back the farmstead by fair means or foul; -   I will build it anew; it shall shine like a palace.   But none shall be suffered to enter the hall!   They shall stand at the gateway, all twirling their caps; -   they shall beg and beseech-that they freely may do;   but none gets so much as a farthing of mine.   If I've had to howl 'neath the lashes of fate,   trust me to find folks I can lash in my turn - The strange passenger [stands in the darkness at Peer Gynt's side and salutes him in friendly fashion].   Good evening! Peer   Good evening! What -? Who are you? The passenger   Your fellow-passenger, at your service. Peer   Indeed? I thought I was the only one. The passenger   A mistaken impression, which now is set right. Peer   But it's singular that, for the first time tonight,   I should see you - The passenger   I never come out in the day-time. Peer   Perhaps you are ill? You're as white as a sheet - The passenger   No, thank you - my health is uncommonly good. Peer   What a raging storm! The passenger   Ay, a blessed one, man! Peer   A blessed one? The passenger   The sea's running high as houses.   Ah, one can feel one's mouth watering!   just think of the wrecks that tonight will be shattered; -   and think, too, what corpses will drive ashore! Peer   Lord save us! The passenger   Have ever you seen a man strangled,   or hanged, - or drowned? Peer   This is going too far -! The passenger   The corpses all laugh. But their laughter is forced;   and the most part are found to have bitten their tongues. Peer   Hold off from me -! The passenger   Only one question pray!   If we, for example, should strike on a rock,   and sink in the darkness - Peer   You think there is danger? The passenger   I really don't know what I ought to say.   But suppose, now, I float and you go to the bottom - Peer   Oh, rubbish - The passenger   It's just a hypothesis.   But when one is placed with one foot in the grave,   one grows soft-hearted and open-handed - Peer [puts his hand in his pocket].   Ho, money! The passenger   No, no; but perhaps you would kindly   make me a gift of your much-esteemed carcass -? Peer   This is too much! The passenger   No more than your body, you know!   To help my researches in science - Peer   Begone! The passenger   But think, my dear sir - the advantage is yours!   I'll have you laid open and brought to the light.   What I specially seek is the centre of dreams, -   and with critical care I'll look into your seams - Peer   Away with you! The passenger   Why, my dear sir - a drowned corpse-! Peer   Blasphemer! You're goading the rage of the storm!   I call it too bad! Here it's raining and blowing,   a terrible sea on, and all sorts of signs   of something that's likely to shorten our days; -   And you carry on so as to make it come quicker! The passenger   You're in no mood, I see, to negotiate further;   but time, you know, brings with it many a change -   [Nods in a friendly fashion.]   We'll meet when you're sinking, if not before;   perhaps I may then find you more in the humour.   [Goes into the cabin.] Peer   Unpleasant companions these scientists are!   With their freethinking ways -   [To the boatswain, who is passing.]   Hark, a word with you, friend!   That passenger? What crazy creature is he? The boatswain   I know of no passenger here but yourself. Peer   No others? This thing's getting worse and worse.   [To the ship's boy, who comes out of the cabin.]   Who went down the companion just now? The boy   The ship's dog, sir!   [Passes on.] The look-out [shouts].   Land close ahead! Peer   Where's my box? Where's my trunk?   All the baggage on deck! The boatswain   We have more to attend to! Peer   It was nonsense, captain! 'Twas only my joke; -   as sure as I'm here I will help the cook - The captain   The jib's blown away! The mate   And there went the foresail! The boatswain [shrieks from forward].   Breakers under the bow! The captain   She will go to shivers!   [The ship strikes. Noise and confusion.] Second Scene [Close under the land, among sunken rocks and surf. The ship sinks. The jolly-boat, with two men in her, is seen for a moment through the scud. A sea strikes her; she fills and upsets. A shriek is heard; then all is silent for a while. Shortly afterwards the boat appears floating bottom upwards.]        [Peer Gynt comes to the surface near the boat.] Peer   Help! Help! A boat! Help! I'll be drowned!   Save me, oh Lord - as saith the text!   [Clutches hold of the boat's keel.] The cook [comes up on the other side].   Oh, Lord God - for my children's sake,   have mercy! Let me reach the land!   [Seizes hold of the keel.] Peer   Let go! The cook   Let go! Peer   I'll strike! The cook   So'll I! Peer   I'll crush you down with kicks and blows!   Let go your hold! She won't float two! The cook   I know it! Yield! Peer   Yield you! The cook   Oh yes!   [They fight; one of the cooks hands is disabled; he clings on with the other.] Peer   Off with that hand! The cook   Oh, kind sir - spare!   Think of my little ones at home! Peer   I need my life far more than you,   for I am lone and childless still. The cook   Let go! You've lived, and I am young! Peer   Quick; havee you; sink; - you drag us down. The cook   Have mercy! Yield in heaven's name!   There's none to miss and mourn for you -   [His hand slips; he screams:]   I'm drowning! Peer [seizing him].   By this wisp of hair   I'll hold you; say your Lord's Prayer, quick! The cook   I can't remember; all turns black - Peer   Come, the essentials in a word -! The cook   Give us this day -! Peer   Skip that part, Cook;   you'll get all you need, safe enough. The cook   Give us this day - Peer   The same old song!   One sees you were a cook in life -   [The cook slips from his grasp.] The cook [sinking].   Give us this day our -   [Disappears.] Peer   Amen, lad!   to the last gasp you were yourself. -   [Draws himself up on to the bottom of the boat.]   So long as there is life there's hope - The strange passenger [catches hold of the boat].   Good morning! Peer   Hoy! The passenger   I heard you shout. -   It's pleasant finding you again.   Well? So my prophecy came true! Peer   Let go! Let go! 'Twill scarce float one! The passenger   I'm striking out with my left leg.   I'll float, if only with their tips   my fingers rest upon this ledge.   But apropos: your body - Peer   Hush! The passenger   The rest, of course, is done for, clean - Peer   No more! The passenger   Exactly as you please.   [Silence.] Peer   Well? The passenger   I am silent. Peer   Satan's tricks! -   What now? The passenger   I'm waiting. Peer [tearing his hair].   I'll go mad! -   What are you? The passenger [nods].   Friendly. Peer   What else? Speak! The passenger   What think you? Do you know none other   that's like me? Peer   Do I know the devil-? The passenger [in a low voice].   Is it his way to light a lantern   for life's night-pilgrimage through fear? Peer   Ah, come! When once the thing's cleared up,   you'd seem a messenger of light? The passenger   Friend, - have you once in each half-year   felt all the earnestness of dread? Peer   Why, one's afraid when danger threatens; -   but all your words have double meanings. The passenger   Ay, have you gained but once in life   the victory that is given in dread? Peer [looks at him].   Came you to ope for me a door,   'twas stupid not to come before.   What sort of sense is there in choosing   your time when seas gape to devour one? The passenger   Were, then, the victory more likely   beside your hearth-stone, snug and quiet? Peer   Perhaps not; but your talk befooled me.   How could you fancy it awakening? The passenger   Where I come from, there smiles are prized   as highly as pathetic style. Peer   All has its time; what fits the taxman,   so says the text, would damn the bishop. The passenger   The host whose dust inurned has slumbered   treads not on week-days the cothurnus. Peer   Avaunt thee, bugbear! Man, begone!   I will not die! I must ashore! The passenger   Oh, as for that, be reassured; -   one dies not midmost of Act Five.   [Glides away.] Peer   Ah, there he let it out at last; -   he was a sorry moralist. Third Scene [Churchyard in a high-lying mountain parish.]   [A funeral is going on. By the grave, the priest and a gathering of people. The last verse of the psalm is being sung. Peer Gynt passes by on the road.] Peer [at the gate].   Here's a countryman going the way of all flesh.   God be thanked that it isn't me.   [Enters the churchyard.] The priest [speaking beside the grave].   Now, when the soul has gone to meet its doom,   and here the dust lies, like an empty pod, -   now, my dear friends, we'll speak a word or two   about this dead man's pilgrimage on earth.   He was not wealthy, neither was he wise,   his voice was weak, his bearing was unmanly,   he spoke his mind abashed and faltering,   he scarce was master at his own fireside;   he sidled into church, as though appealing   for leave, like other men, to take his place.   It was from Gudbrandsdale, you know, he came.   When here he settled he was but a lad; -   and you remember how, to the very last,   he kept his right hand hidden in his pocket.   That right hand in the pocket was the feature   that chiefly stamped his image on the mind, -   and therewithal his writhing, his abashed   shrinking from notice wheresoe'er he went.   But, though he still pursued a path aloof,   and ever seemed a stranger in our midst,   you all know what he strove so hard to hide, -   the hand he muffled had four fingers only. -   I well remember, many years ago,   one morning; there were sessions held at Lunde.   'Twas war-time, and the talk in every mouth   turned on the country's sufferings and its fate.   I stood there watching. At the table sat   the Captain, 'twixt the bailiff and the sergeants;   lad after lad was measured up and down,   passed, and enrolled, and taken for a soldier.   The room was full, and from the green outside,   where thronged the young folks, loud the laughter rang.   A name was called, and forth another stepped,   one pale as snow upon the glacier's edge.   They bade the youth advance; he reached the table;   we saw his right hand swaddled in a clout; -   he gasped, he swallowed, battling after words, -   but, though the Captain urged him, found no voice.   Ah yes, at last! Then with his cheek aflame,   his tongue now failing him, now stammering fast,   he mumbled something of a scythe that slipped   by chance, and shore his finger to the skin.   Straightway a silence fell upon the room.   Men bandied meaning glances; they made mouths;   they stoned the boy with looks of silent scorn.   He felt the hail-storm, but he saw it not.   Then up the Captain stood, the grey old man;   he spat, and pointed forth, and thundered "Go!"   And the lad went. On both sides men fell back,   till through their midst he had to run the gauntlet.   He reached the door; from there he took to flight; -   up, up he went,-through wood and over hillside,   up through the stone-slips, rough, precipitous.   He had his home up there among the mountains. -   It was some six months later he came here,   with mother, and betrothed, and little child.   He leased some ground upon the high hillside,   there where the waste lands trend away towards Lomb.   He married the first moment that he could;   he built a house; he broke the stubborn soil;   he throve, as many a cultivated patch   bore witness, bravely clad in waving gold.   At church he kept his right hand in his pocket, -   but sure I am at home his fingers nine   toiled every bit as hard as others' ten. -   One spring the torrent washed it all away.   Their lives were spared. Ruined and stripped of all,   he set to work to make another clearing;   and, ere the autumn, smoke again arose   from a new, better-sheltered, mountain farm-house.   Sheltered? From torrent-not from avalanche;   two years, and all beneath the snow lay buried.   But still the avalanche could not daunt his spirit.   He dug, and raked, and carted-cleared the ground -   and the next winter, ere the snow-blasts came,   a third time was his little homestead reared.   Three sons he had, three bright and stirring boys;   they must to school, and school was far away; -   and they must clamber where the hill-track failed,   by narrow ledges through the headlong scaur.   What did he do? The eldest had to manage   as best he might, and, where the path was worst,   his father cast a rope round him to stay him; -   the others on his back and arms he bore.   Thus he toiled, year by year, till they were men.   Now might he well have looked for some return.   In the New World, three prosperous gentlemen   their school-going and their father have forgotten.   He was short-sighted. Out beyond the circle   of those most near to him he nothing saw.   To him seemed meaningless as cymbals' tinkling   those words that to the heart should ring like steel.   His race, his fatherland, all things high and shining,   stood ever, to his vision, veiled in mist.   But he was humble, humble, was this man;   and since that sessions-day his doom oppressed him,   as surely as his cheeks were flushed with shame,   and his four fingers hidden in his pocket. -   Offender 'gainst his country's laws? Ay, true!   But there is one thing that the law outshineth   sure as the snow-white tent of Glittertind   has clouds, like higher rows of peaks, above it.   No patriot was he. Both for church and state   a fruitless tree. But there, on the upland ridge,   in the small circle where he saw his calling,   there he was great, because he was himself.   His inborn note rang true unto the end.   His days were as a lute with muted strings.   And therefore, peace be with thee, silent warrior,   that fought the peasant's little fight, and fell!   It is not ours to search the heart and reins; -   that is no task for dust, but for its ruler; -   yet dare I freely, firmly, speak my hope:   he scarce stands crippled now before his God!   [The gathering disperses. Peer Gynt remains behind, alone.] Peer   Now that is what I call Christianity!   Nothing to seize on one's mind unpleasantly. -   And the topic-immovably being oneself, -   that the pastor's homily turned upon, -   is full, in its essence, of edification.   [Looks down upon the grave.]   Was it he, I wonder, that hacked through his knuckle   that day I was out hewing logs in the forest?   Who knows? If I weren't standing here with my staff   by the side of the grave of this kinsman in spirit,   I could almost believe it was I that slept,   and heard in a vision my panegyric. -   It's a seemly and Christianlike custom indeed   this casting a so-called memorial glance   in charity over the life that is ended.   I shouldn't at all mind accepting my verdict   at the hands of this excellent parish priest.   Ah well, I dare say I have some time left   ere the gravedigger comes to invite me to stay with him; -   and as Scripture has it: What's best is best, -   and: Enough for the day is the evil thereof, -   and further: Discount not your funeral. -   Ah, the church, after all, is the true consoler.   I've hitherto scarcely appreciated it; -   but now I feel clearly how blessed it is   to be well assured upon sound authority:   Even as you sowest you shall one day reap. -   One must be oneself; for oneself and one's own   one must do one's best, both in great and in small things.   If the luck goes against you, at least you've the honour   of a life carried through in accordance with principle. -   Now homewards! Though narrow and steep the path,   though Fate to the end may be never so biting -   still old Peer Gynt will pursue his own way,   and remain what he is: poor, but virtuous ever.   [Goes out.] Fourth Scene [A hillside seamed by the dry bed of a torrent. A ruined mill-house beside the stream. The ground is torn up, and the whole place waste. Further up the hill, a large farm-house.]        [An auction is going on in front of the farm-house. There is a great gathering of people, who are drinking, with much noise. Peer Gynt is sitting on a rubbish-heap beside the mill.] Peer   Forward and back, and it's just as far;   out and in, and it's just as strait. -   Time wears away and the river gnaws on.   Go roundabout, the Boyg said; - and here one must. A man dressed in mourning   Now there is only rubbish left over.   [Catches sight of Peer Gynt.]   Are there strangers here too! God be with you, good friend! Peer   Well met! You have lively times here today.   Is't a christening junket or a wedding feast? The man in mourning   I'd rather call it a house-warming treat; -   the bride is laid in a wormy bed. Peer   And the worms are squabbling for rags and clouts. The man in mourning   That's the end of the ditty; it's over and done. Peer   All the ditties end just alike;   and they're all old together; I knew 'em as a boy. A lad of twenty [with a casting-ladle].   Just look what a rare thing I've been buying!   In this Peer Gynt cast his silver buttons. Another   Look at mine, though! The money-bag bought for a halfpenny. A third   No more, eh? Twopence for the pedlar's pack! Peer   Peer Gynt? Who was he? The man in mourning   All I know is this:   he was kinsman to Death and to Aslak the Smith. A man in grey   You're forgetting me, man! Are you mad or drunk? The man in mourning   You forget that at Hegstad was a storehouse door. The man in grey   Ay, true; but we know you were never dainty. The man in mourning   If only she doesn't give Death the slip - The man in grey   Come, kinsman! A dram, for our kinship's sake! The man in mourning   To the deuce with your kinship! You're maundering in drink - The man in grey   Oh, rubbish; blood's never so thin as all that;   one cannot but feel one's akin to Peer Gynt.   [Goes off with him.] Peer [to himself].   One meets with acquaintances. A lad [calls after the man in mourning].   Mother that's dead   will be after you, Aslak, if you wet your whistle. Peer [rises].   The agriculturists' saying seems scarce to hold here:   The deeper one harrows the better it smells. A lad [with a bear's skin].   Look, the cat of the Dovre! Well, only his fell.   It was he chased the trolls out on Christmas Eve. Another [with a reindeer-skull].   Here is the wonderful reindeer that bore,   at Gendin, Peer Gynt over edge and scaur. A third [with a hammer, calls out to the man in mourning].   Hei, Aslak, this sledge-hammer, say, do you know it?   Was it this that you used when the devil clove the wall? A fourth [empty-handed].   Mads Moen, here's the invisible cloak   Peer Gynt and Ingrid flew off through the air with. Peer   Brandy here, boys! I feel I'm grown old; -   I must put up to auction my rubbish and lumber! A lad   What have you to sell, then? Peer   A palace I have -   it lies in the Ronde; it's solidly built. The lad   A button is bid! Peer   You must run to a dram.   'Twere a sin and a shame to bid anything less. Another   He's a jolly old boy this!   [The bystanders crowd round him.] Peer [shouts].   Grane, my steed;   who bids? One of the crowd   Where's he running? Peer   Why, far in the west!   Near the sunset, my lads! Ah, that courser can fly   as fast, ay, as fast as Peer Gynt could lie. Voices   What more have you got? Peer   I've both rubbish and gold!   I bought it with ruin; I'll sell it at a loss. A lad   Put it up! Peer   A dream of a silver-clasped book!   That you can have for an old hook and eye. The lad   To the devil with dreams! Peer   Here's my Kaiserdom!   I throw it in the midst of you; scramble for it! The lad   Is the crown given in? Peer   Of the loveliest straw.   It will fit whoever first puts it on.   Hei, there is more yet! An addled egg!   A madman's grey hair! And the Prophet's beard!   All these shall be his that will show on the hillside   a post that has writ on it: Here lies your path! The bailiff [who has come up].   You're carrying on, my good man, so that almost   I think that your path will lead straight to the lock-up. Peer [hat in hand].   Quite likely. But, tell me, who was Peer Gynt? The bailiff   Oh, nonsense - Peer   Your pardon! Most humbly I beg -! The bailiff   Oh, he's said to have been an abominable liar - Peer   A liar -? The bailiff   Yes - all that was strong and great   he made believe always that he had done it.   But, excuse me, friend - I have other duties -   [Goes.] Peer   And where is he now, this remarkable man? An elderly man   He fared over seas to a foreign land;   it went ill with him there, as one well might foresee; -   it's many a year now since he was hanged. Peer   Hanged! Ay, ay! Why, I thought as much;   our lamented Peer Gynt was himself to the last.   [Bows.]   Good-bye,-and best thanks for today's merry meeting.   [Goes a few steps, but stops again.]   You joyous youngsters, you comely lasses, -   shall I pay my shot with a traveller's tale? Several voices   Yes; do you know any? Peer   Nothing more easy. -   [He comes nearer; a look of strangeness comes over him.]     I was gold-digging once in San Francisco.   There were mountebanks swarming all over the town.   One with his toes could perform on the fiddle;   another could dance a Spanish halling on his knees;   a third, I was told, kept on making verses   while his brain-pan was having a hole bored right through it.     To the mountebank-meeting came also the devil; -   thought he'd try his luck with the rest of them.   His talent was this: in a manner convincing,   he was able to grunt like a flesh-and-blood pig.   He was not recognised, yet his manners attracted.   The house was well filled; expectation ran high.   He stepped forth in a cloak with an ample cape to it;   man muss sich drappiren, as the Germans say.   But under the mantle-what none suspected -   he'd managed to smuggle a real live pig.   And now he opened the representation;   the devil he pinched, and the pig gave voice.   The whole thing purported to be a fantasia   on the porcine existence, both free and in bonds;   and all ended up with a slaughter-house squeal -   whereupon the performer bowed low and retired. -   The critics discussed and appraised the affair;   the tone of the whole was attacked and defended.   Some fancied the vocal expression too thin,   while some thought the death-shriek too carefully studied;   but all were agreed as to one thing: qua grunt,   the performance was grossly exaggerated. -   Now that, you see, came of the devil's stupidity   in not taking the measure of his public first.   [He bows and goes off. A puzzled silence comes over the crowd.] clear=all> Fifth Scene [Whitsun Eve.-In the depths of the forest. To the back, in a clearing, is a hut with a pair of reindeer horns over the porch-gable.]        [Peer Gynt is creeping among the undergrowth, gathering wild onions.] Peer   Well, this is one standpoint. Where is the next?   One should try all things and choose the best.   Well, I have done so,-beginning from Caesar,   and downwards as far as to Nebuchadnezzar.   So I had, after all, to go through Bible history; -   the old boy's had to take to his mother again.   After all it is written: Of the earth art you come. -   The main thing in life is to fill one's belly.   Fill it with onions? That's not much good; -   I must take to cunning, and set out snares.   There's water in the beck here; I shan't suffer thirst;   and I count as the first 'mong the beasts after all.   When my time comes to die-as most likely it will, -   I shall crawl in under a wind-fallen tree;   like the bear, I will heap up a leaf-mound above me,   and I'll scratch in big print on the bark of the tree:   Here rests Peer Gynt, that decent soul,   Kaiser over all of the other beasts. -   Kaiser?   [Laughs inwardly.]   Why, you old soothsayer-humbug!   no Kaiser are you; you are nought but an onion.   I'm going to peel you now, my good Peer!   You won't escape either by begging or howling.   [Takes an onion and pulls off layer after layer.]   There lies the outermost layer, all torn;   that's the shipwrecked man on the jolly-boat's keel.   Here's the passenger layer, scanty and thin; -   and yet in its taste there's a tang of Peer Gynt.   Next underneath is the gold-digger ego;   the juice is all gone-if it ever had any.   This coarse-grained layer with the hardened skin   is the peltry-hunter by Hudson's Bay.   The next one looks like a crown;-oh, thanks!   we'll throw it away without more ado.   Here's the archaeologist, short but sturdy;   and here is the Prophet, juicy and fresh.   He stinks, as the Scripture has it, of lies,   enough to bring the water to an honest man's eyes.   This layer that rolls itself softly together   is the gentleman, living in ease and good cheer.   The next one seems sick. There are black streaks upon it; -   black symbolises both parsons and niggers.   [Pulls off several layers at once.]   What an enormous number of swathings!   Isn't the kernel soon coming to light?   [Pulls the whole onion to pieces.]   I'm blest if it is! To the innermost centre,   it's nothing but swathings-each smaller and smaller. -   Nature is witty!   [Throws the fragments away.]   The devil take brooding!   If one goes about thinking, one's apt to stumble.   Well, I can at any rate laugh at that danger;   for here on all fours I am firmly planted.   [Scratches his head.]   A queer enough business, the whole concern!   Life, as they say, plays with cards up its sleeve;   but when one snatches at them, they've disappeared,   and one grips something else,-or else nothing at all.   [He has come near to the hut; he catches sight of it and starts.]   This hut? On the heath-! Ha!   [Rubs his eyes.]   It seems exactly   as though I had known this same building before. -   The reindeer-horns jutting above the gable! -   A mermaid, shaped like a fish from the navel! -   Lies! there's no mermaid! But nails-and planks, -   bars too, to shut out hobgoblin thoughts! - Solveig [singing in the hut].   Now all is ready for Whitsun Eve.   Dearest boy of mine, far away,   comest you soon?   Is your burden heavy,   take time, take time; -   I will await thee;   I promised of old. Peer [rises, quiet and deadly pale].   One that's remembered, - and one that's forgot.   One that has squandered, - and one that has saved. -   Oh, earnest! - and never can the game be played over!   Oh, dread! - here was my Kaiserdom!   [Hurries off along the wood path.] Sixth Scene [Night. A heath, with fir-trees. A forest fire has been raging; charred tree-trunks are seen stretching for miles. White mists here and there clinging to the earth.]        [Peer Gynt comes running over the heath.] Peer   Ashes, fog-scuds, dust wind-driven, -   here's enough for building with!   Stench and rottenness within it;   all a whited sepulchre.   Figments, dreams, and still-born knowledge   lay the pyramid's foundation;   over them shall the work mount upwards,   with its step on step of falsehood.   Earnest shunned, repentance dreaded,   flaunt at the apex like a scutcheon,   fill the trump of judgment with their:   Petrus Gyntus Caesar fecit!   [Listens.]   What is this, like children's weeping?   Weeping, but half-way to song. -   Thread-balls at my feet are rolling! -   [Kicking at them.]   Off with you! You block my path! The thread-balls [on the ground].   We are thoughts;   you shouldst have thought us; -   feet to run on   you shouldst have given us! Peer [going round about].   I have given life to one; -   'twas a bungled, crook-legged thing! The thread-balls   We should have soared up   like clangorous voices, -   and here we must trundle   as grey-yarn thread-balls. Peer [stumbling].   Thread-clue! You accursed scamp!   Would you trip your father's heels?   [Flees.] Withered leaves [flying before the wind].   We are a watchword;   you shouldst have proclaimed us!   See how your dozing   has wofully riddled us.   The worm has gnawed us   in every crevice;   we have never twined us   like wreaths round fruitage. Peer   Not in vain your birth, however; -   lie but still and serve as manure. A sighing in the air   We are songs;   you shouldst have sung us! -   a thousand times over   have you cowed us and smothered us.   Down in your heart's pit   we have lain and waited; -   we were never called forth.   In your gorge be poison! Peer   Poison thee, you foolish stave!   Had I time for verse and stuff?   [Attempts a short cut.] Dewdrops [dripping from the branches].   We are tears   unshed for ever.   Ice-spears, sharp-wounding,   we could have melted.   Now the barb rankles   in the shaggy bosom; -   the wound is closed over;   our power is ended. Peer   Thanks;-I wept in Ronde-cloisters, -   none the less they tied the tail on! Broken straws   We are deeds;   you shouldst have achieved us!   Doubt, the throttler,   has crippled and riven us.   On the Day of Judgment   we'll come a-flock,   and tell the story, -   then woe to you! Peer   Rascal-tricks! How dare you debit   what is negative against me?   [Hastens away.] Aase's voice [far away].   Fie, what a post-boy!   Hu, you've upset me!   Snow's newly fallen here; -   sadly it's smirched me. -   You've driven me the wrong way.   Peer, where's the castle?   The Fiend has misled you   with the switch from the cupboard! Peer   Better haste away, poor fellow!   With the devil's sins upon you,   soon you'll faint upon the hillside; -   hard enough to bear one's own sins.   [Runs off.] Seventh Scene [Another part of the heath.] Peer Gynt [sings].   A sexton! A sexton! where are you, hounds?   A song from braying precentor-mouths;   around your hat-brim a mourning band; -   my dead are many; I must follow their biers! [The button-moulder, with a box of tools, and a large casting-ladle, comes from a side-path.] The button-moulder   Well met, old gaffer! Peer   Good evening, friend. The button-moulder   The man's in a hurry. Why, where is he going? Peer   To a grave-feast. The button-moulder   Indeed? My sight's not very good; -   excuse me, - your name doesn't chance to be Peer? Peer   Peer Gynt, as the saying is. The button-moulder   That I call luck!   It's precisely Peer Gynt I am sent for tonight. Peer   You're sent for? What do you want? The button-moulder   Why, see here;   I'm a button-moulder. You're to go into my ladle. Peer   And what to do there? The button-moulder   To be melted up. Peer   To be melted? The button-moulder   Here it is, empty and scoured.   Your grave is dug ready, your coffin bespoke.   The worms in your body will live at their ease; -   but I have orders, without delay,   on Master's behalf to fetch in your soul. Peer   It can't be! Like this, without any warning-! The button-moulder   It's an old tradition at burials and births   to appoint in secret the day of the feast,   with no warning at all to the guest of honour. Peer   Ay, ay, that's true. All my brain's awhirl.   You are-? The button-moulder   Why, I told you - a button-moulder. Peer   I see! A pet child has many nicknames.   So that's it, Peer; it is there you're to harbour!   But these, my good man, are most unfair proceedings!   I'm sure I deserve better treatment than this; -   I'm not nearly so bad as perhaps you think, -   I've done a good deal of good in the world; -   at worst you may call me a sort of a bungler, -   but certainly not an exceptional sinner. The button-moulder   Why that is precisely the rub, my man;   you're no sinner at all in the higher sense;   that's why you're excused all the torture-pangs,   and land, like others, in the casting-ladle. Peer   Give it what name you please-call it ladle or pool;   spruce ale and swipes, they are both of them beer.   Avaunt from me, Satan! The button-moulder   You can't be so rude   as to take my foot for a horse's hoof? Peer   On horse's hoof or on fox's claws -   be off; and be careful what you're about! The button-moulder   My friend, you're making a great mistake.   We're both in a hurry, and so, to save time,   I'll explain the reason of the whole affair.   You are, with your own lips you told me so,   no sinner on the so-called heroic scale, -   scarce middling even - Peer   Ah, now you're beginning   to talk common sense The button-moulder   Just have patience a bit -   but to call you virtuous would be going too far. - Peer   Well, you know I have never laid claim to that. The button-moulder   You're nor one thing nor t'other then, only so-so.   A sinner of really grandiose style   is nowadays not to be met on the highways.   It wants much more than merely to wallow in mire;   for both vigour and earnestness go to a sin. Peer   Ay, it's very true, that remark of yours;   one has to lay on, like the old Berserkers. The button-moulder   You, friend, on the other hand, took your sin lightly. Peer   Only outwardly, friend, like a splash of mud. The button-moulder   Ah, we'll soon be at one now. The sulphur pool   is no place for you, who but plashed in the mire. Peer   And in consequence, friend, I can go as I came? The button-moulder   No, in consequence, friend, I must melt you up. Peer   What tricks are these that you've hit upon   at home here, while I've been in foreign parts? The button-moulder   The custom's as old as the Snake's creation;   it's designed to prevent loss of good material.   You've worked at the craft-you must know that often   a casting turns out, to speak plainly, mere dross;   the buttons, for instance, have sometimes no loop to them.   What did you do, then? Peer   Flung the rubbish away. The button-moulder   Ah, yes; Jon Gynt was well known for a waster,   so long as he'd aught left in wallet or purse.   But Master, you see, he is thrifty, he is;   and that is why he's so well-to-do.   He flings nothing away as entirely worthless   that can be made use of as raw material.   Now, you were designed for a shining button   on the vest of the world; but your loop gave way;   so into the waste-box you needs must go,   and then, as they phrase it, be merged in the mass. Peer   You're surely not meaning to melt me up,   with Dick, Tom, and Harry, into something new? The button-moulder   That's just what I do mean, and nothing else.   We've done it already to plenty of folks.   At Kongsberg they do just the same with money   that's been current so long that its stamp's worn away. Peer   But this is the wretchedest miserliness!   My dear good friend, let me get off free; -   a loopless button, a worn out farthing, -   what is that to a man in your Master's position? The button-moulder   Oh, so long, and inasmuch as, the spirit's in one,   one always has value as so much metal. Peer   No, I say! No! With both teeth and claws   I'll fight against this! Sooner anything else! The button-moulder   But what else? Come now, be reasonable.   You know you're not airy enough for heaven - Peer   I'm not hard to content; I don't aim so high; -   but I won't be deprived of one doit of my Self.   Have me judged by the law in the old-fashioned way!   For a certain time place me with Him of the Hoof; -   say a hundred years, come the worst to the worst;   that, now, is a thing that one surely can bear;   for they say the torment is only moral,   so it can't after all be so pyramidal.   It is, as 'tis written, a mere transition;   and as the fox said: One waits; there comes   an hour of deliverance; one lives in seclusion,   and hopes in the meantime for happier days. -   But this other notion-to have to be merged,   like a mote, in the carcass of some outsider, -   this casting-ladle business, this Gynt-cessation, -   it stirs up my innermost soul in revolt! The button-moulder   Bless me, my dear Peer, there is surely no need   to get so wrought up about trifles like this.   Yourself you never have been at all; -   then what does it matter, your dying right out? Peer   Have I not been-? I could almost laugh!   Peer Gynt, then, has been something else, I suppose!   No, Button-moulder, you judge in the dark.   If you could but look into my very reins,   you'd find only Peer there, and Peer all through, -   nothing else in the world, no, nor anything more. The button-moulder   It's impossible. Here I have got my orders.   Look, here it is written: Peer Gynt shall you summon.   He has set at defiance his life's design;   clap him into the ladle with other spoilt goods. Peer   What nonsense! They must mean some other person.   Is it really Peer? It's not Rasmus, or Jon? The button-moulder   It is many a day since I melted them.   So come quietly now, and don't waste my time. Peer   I'll be damned if I do! Ay, 'twould be a fine thing   if it turned out tomorrow some one else was meant.   You'd better take care what you're at, my good man!   think of the onus you're taking upon you - The button-moulder   I have it in writing - Peer   At least give me time! The button-moulder   What good would that do you? Peer   I'll use it to prove   that I've been myself all the days of my life;   and that's the question that's in dispute. The button-moulder   You'll prove it? And how? Peer   Why, by vouchers and witnesses. The button-moulder   I'm sadly afraid Master will not accept them. Peer   Impossible! However, enough for the day -!   My dear man, allow me a loan of myself;   I'll be back again shortly. One is born only once,   and one's self, as created, one fain would stick to.   Come, are we agreed? The button-moulder   Very well then, so be it.   But remember, we meet at the next cross-roads.   [Peer Gynt runs off.] Eighth Scene [A further point on the heath.] Peer [running hard].   Time is money, as the scripture says.   If I only knew where the cross-roads are; -   they may be near and they may be far.   The earth burns beneath me like red-hot iron.   A witness! A witness! Oh, where shall I find one?   It's almost unthinkable here in the forest.   The world is a bungle! A wretched arrangement,   when a man must prove a right that's as patent as day!   [An old man, bent with age, with a staff in his hand and a bag on his back, is trudging in front of him.] The old man [stops].   Dear, kind sir - a trifle to a houseless soul! Peer   Excuse me; I've got no small change in my pocket - The old man   Prince Peer! Oh, to think we should meet again-! Peer   Who are you? The old man   You forget the Old Man in the Ronde? Peer   Why, you're never-? The old man   The King of the Dovre, my boy! Peer   The Dovre-King? Really? The Dovre-king? Speak! The old man   Oh, I've come terribly down in the world -! Peer   Ruined? The old man   Ay, plundered of every stiver.   Here am I tramping it, starved as a wolf. Peer   Hurrah! Such a witness doesn't grow on the trees! The old man   My Lord Prince, too, has grizzled a bit since we met. Peer   My dear father-in-law, the years gnaw and wear one. -   Well well, a truce to all private affairs, -   and pray, above all things, no family jars.   I was then a sad madcap - The old man   Oh yes; oh yes; -   His Highness was young; and what won't one do then?   But his Highness was wise in rejecting his bride;   he saved himself thereby both worry and shame;   for since then she's utterly gone to the bad - Peer   Indeed! The old man   She has led a deplorable life;   and, just think, - she and Trond are now living together. Peer   Which Trond? The old man   Of the Valfjeld. Peer   It's he? Aha;   it was he I cut out with the saeter-girls. The old man   But my grandson has flourished - grown both stout and great,   and has strapping children all over the country - Peer   Now, my dear man, spare us this flow of words; -   I've something quite different troubling my mind. -   I've got into rather a ticklish position,   and am greatly in need of a witness or voucher; -   that's how you could help me best, father-in-law,   and I'll find you a trifle to drink my health with. The old man   You don't say so; can I be of use to his Highness?   You'll give me a character, then, in return? Peer   Most gladly. I'm somewhat hard pressed for cash,   and must cut down expenses in every direction.   Now hear what's the matter. No doubt you remember   that night when I came to the Ronde a-wooing - The old man   Why, of course, my Lord Prince! Peer   Oh, no more of the Prince!   But no matter. You wanted, by sheer brute force,   to bias my sight, with a slit in the lens,   and to change me about from Peer Gynt to a troll.   What did I do then? I stood out against it, -   swore I would stand on no feet but my own;   love, power, and glory at once I renounced,   and all for the sake of remaining myself.   Now this fact, you see, you must swear to in Court - The old man   No, I'm blest if I can. Peer   Why, what nonsense is this? The old man   You surely don't want to compel me to lie?   You pulled on the troll-breeches, don't you remember,   and tasted the mead - Peer   Ay, you lured me seductively; -   but I flatly declined the decisive test,   and that is the thing you must judge your man by.   It's the end of the ditty that all depends on. The old man   But it ended, Peer, just in the opposite way. Peer   What rubbish is this? The old man   When you left the Ronde,   you inscribed my motto upon your 'scutcheon. Peer   What motto? The old man   The potent and sundering word. Peer   The word? The old man   That which severs the whole race of men   from the troll-folk.Troll! To yourself be enough! Peer [falls back a step].   Enough! The old man   And with every nerve in your body,   you've being living up to it ever since. Peer   What, I? Peer Gynt? The old man [weeps].   It's ungrateful of you!   You've lived as a troll, but have still kept it secret.   The word I taught you has shown you the way   to swing yourself up as a man of substance; -   and now you must needs come and turn up your nose   at me and the word you've to thank for it all. Peer   Enough! A hill-troll! An egoist!   This must be all rubbish; that's perfectly certain! The old man [pulls out a bundle of old newspapers].     I daresay you think that we've no newspapers?   Wait; here I'll show you in red and black,   how the Bloksberg Post eulogises you;   and the Heklefield Journal has done the same   ever since the winter you left the country. -   Do you care to read them? You're welcome, Peer.   Here's an article, look you, signed "Stallionhoof."   And here too is one: "On Troll-Nationalism."   The writer points out and lays stress on the truth   that horns and a tail are of little importance,   so long as one has but a strip of the hide.   "Our enough," he concludes, "gives the hall-mark of trolldom   to man," - and proceeds to cite you as an instance. Peer   A hill-troll? I? The old man   Yes, that's perfectly clear. Peer   Might as well have stayed quietly where I was?   Might have stopped in the Ronde in comfort and peace?   Saved my trouble and toil and no end of shoe-leather?   Peer Gynt-a troll? Why it's rubbish! It's stuff!   Good-bye! There's a halfpenny to buy you tobacco. The old man   Nay, my good Prince Peer! Peer   Let me go! You're mad,   or else doting. Off to the hospital with you! The old man   Oh, that is exactly what I'm in search of.   But, as I told you, my grandson's offspring   have become overwhelmingly strong in the land,   and they say that I only exist in books.   The saw says: One's kin are unkindest of all;   I've found to my cost that that saying is true.   It's cruel to count as mere figment and fable Peer   My dear man, there are others who share the same fate. The old man   And ourselves we've no Mutual Aid Society,   no alms-box or Penny Savings Bank; -   in the Ronde, of course, they'd be out of place. Peer   No, that cursed: To yourself be enough was the word there! The old man   Oh, come now, the Prince can't complain of the word.   And if he could manage by hook or by crook - Peer   My man, you have got on the wrong scent entirely;   I'm myself, as the saying goes, fairly cleaned out - The old man   You surely can't mean it? His Highness a beggar? Peer   Completely. His Highness's ego's in pawn.   And it's all your fault, you accursed trolls!   That's what comes of keeping bad company. The old man   So there came my hope toppling down from its perch again!   Good-bye! I had best struggle on to the town - Peer   What would you do there? The old man   I will go to the theatre.   The papers are clamouring for national talents - Peer   Good luck on your journey; and greet them from me.   If I can but get free, I will go the same way.   A farce I will write them, a mad and profound one;   its name shall be: "Sic transit gloria mundi."   [He runs off along the road; the old man shouts after him.] clear=all> Ninth Scene [At a cross-road.] Peer Gynt   Now comes the pinch, Peer, as never before!   This Dovrish Enough has passed judgment upon you.   The vessel's a wreck; one must float with the spars.   All else; only not to the spoilt-goods heap! The button-moulder [at the cross-road].   Well now, Peer Gynt, have you found your voucher? Peer   Have we reached the cross-road? Well, that's short work! The button-moulder   I can see on your face, as it were on a signboard,   the gist of the paper before I've read it. Peer   I got tired of the hunt;-One might lose one's way - The button-moulder   Yes; and what does it lead to, after all? Peer   True enough; in the wood, and by night as well - The button-moulder   There's an old man, though, trudging. Shall we call him here? Peer   No let him go. He is drunk, my dear fellow! The button-moulder   But perhaps he might - Peer   Hush; no-let him be! The button-moulder   Well, shall we turn to then? Peer   One question only:   What is it, at bottom, this "being oneself"? The button-moulder   A singular question, most odd in the mouth   of a man who just now - Peer   Come, a straightforward answer. The button-moulder   To be oneself is: to slay oneself.   But on you that answer is doubtless lost;   and therefore we'll say: to stand forth everywhere   with Master's intention displayed like a signboard. Peer   But suppose a man never has come to know   what Master meant with him? The button-moulder   He must divine it. Peer   But how oft are divinings beside the mark, -   then one's carried ad undas in middle career. The button-moulder   That is certain, Peer Gynt; in default of divining   the cloven-hoofed gentleman finds his best hook. Peer   This matter's excessively complicated. -   See here! I no longer plead being myself; -   it might not be easy to get it proven.   That part of my case I must look on as lost.   But just now, as I wandered alone over the heath,   I felt my conscience-shoe pinching me;   I said to myself: After all, you're a sinner - The button-moulder   You seem bent on beginning all over again - Peer   No, very far from it; a great one I mean;   not only in deeds, but in words and desires.   I've lived a most damnable life abroad - The button-moulder   Perhaps; I must ask you to show me the schedule! Peer   Well well, give me time; I will find out a parson,   confess with all speed, and then bring you his voucher. The button-moulder   Ay, if you can bring me that, then it is clear   you escape this business of the casting-ladle.   But Peer, I'd my orders - Peer   The paper is old;   it dates no doubt from a long past period; -   at one time I lived with disgusting slackness,   went playing the prophet, and trusted in Fate.   Well, may I try? The button-moulder   But-! Peer   My dear fellow,   I'm sure you can't have so much to do.   Here, in this district, the air is so bracing,   it adds an ell to the people's ages.   Recollect what the Justedal parson wrote:   "It's seldom that any one dies in this valley." The button-moulder   To the next cross-roads then; but not a step further. Peer   A priest I must catch, if it be with the tongs.   [He starts running.] Tenth Scene [A heather-clad hillside with a path following the windings of the ridge.] Peer   This may come in useful in many ways,   said Esben as he picked up a magpie's wing.   Who could have thought one's account of sins   would come to one's aid on the last night of all?   Well, whether or no, it's a ticklish business;   a move from the frying-pan into the fire; -   but then there's a proverb of well-tried validity   which says that as long as there's life, there's hope.   [A lean person, in a priest's cassock, kilted-up high, and with a birding net over his shoulder, comes hurrying along the ridge.] Peer   Who goes there? A priest with a fowling-net!   Hei, hop! I'm the spoilt child of fortune indeed!   Good evening, Herr Pastor! the path is bad - The lean one   Ah yes; but what wouldn't one do for a soul? Peer   Aha! then there's some one bound heavenwards? The lean one   No;   I hope he is taking a different road. Peer   May I walk with Herr Pastor a bit of the way? The lean one   With pleasure; I'm partial to company. Peer   I should like to consult you - The lean one   Heraus! Go ahead! Peer   You see here before you a good sort of man.   The laws of the state I have strictly observed,   have made no acquaintance with fetters or bolts; -   but it happens at times that one misses one's footing   and stumbles - The lean one   Ah yes; that occurs to the best of us. Peer   Now these trifles you see - The lean one   Only trifles? Peer   Yes;   from sinning en gros I have ever refrained. The lean one   Oh then, my dear fellow, pray leave me in peace; -   I'm not the person you seem to think me. -   You look at my fingers? What see you in them? Peer   A nail-system somewhat extremely developed. The lean one   And now? You are casting a glance at my feet? Peer [pointing].   That's a natural hoof? The lean one   So I flatter myself. Peer [raises his hat].   I'd have taken my oath you were simply a parson;   and I find I've the honour-. Well, best is best; -   when the hall door stands wide,-shun the kitchen way;   when the king's to be met with,-avoid the lackey. The lean one   Your hand! You appear to be free from prejudice.   Say on then, my - friend; in what way can I serve you?   Now you mustn't ask me for wealth or power;   I couldn't supply them although I should hang for it.   You can't think how slack the whole business is; -   transactions have dwindled most pitiably.   Nothing doing in souls; only now and again   a stray one - Peer   The race has improved so remarkably? The lean one   No, just the reverse; it's sunk shamefully low; -   the majority end in a casting-ladle. Peer   Ah yes-I have heard that ladle mentioned;   in fact, 'twas the cause of my coming to you. The lean one   Speak out! Peer   If it were not too much to ask,   I should like - The lean one   A harbour of refuge? eh? Peer   You've guessed my petition before I have asked.   You tell me the business is going awry;   so I daresay you will not be over-particular. The lean one   But, my dear - Peer   My demands are in no way excessive.   I shouldn't insist on a salary;   but treatment as friendly as things will permit. The lean one   A fire in your room? Peer   Not too much fire;-and chiefly   the power of departing in safety and peace, -   the right, as the phrase goes, of freely withdrawing   should an opening offer for happier days. The lean one   My dear friend, I vow I'm sincerely distressed;   but you cannot imagine how many petitions   of similar purport good people send in   when they're quitting the scene of their earthly activity. Peer   But now that I think of my past career,   I feel I've an absolute claim to admission - The lean one   'Twas but trifles, you said - Peer   In a certain sense; -   but, now I remember, I've trafficked in slaves - The lean one   There are men that have trafficked in wills and souls,   but who bungled it so that they failed to get in. Peer   I've shipped Bramah-figures in plenty to China. The lean one   Mere fustian again! Why, we laugh at such things.   There are people that ship off far gruesomer figures   in sermons, in art, and in literature -   yet have to stay out in the cold - Peer   Ah, but then,   do you know-I once went and set up as prophet! The lean one   In foreign parts? Humbug! Why, most people's sehen   ins Blaue ends in the casting-ladle.   If you've no more than that to rely upon,   with the best of goodwill, I can't possibly house you. Peer   But hear this: In a shipwreck-I clung to a boat's keel, -   and it's written: A drowning man grasps at a straw, -   furthermore it is written: You're nearest yourself, -   so I half-way divested a cook of his life. The lean one   It were all one to me if a kitchen-maid   you had half-way divested of something else.   What sort of stuff is this half-way jargon,   saving your presence? Who, think you, would care   to throw away dearly-bought fuel in times   like these on such spiritless rubbish as this?   There now, don't be enraged; 'twas your sins that scoffed at;     and excuse my speaking my mind so bluntly. -   Come, my dearest friend, banish this stuff from your head,   and get used to the thought of the casting-ladle.   What would you gain if I lodged you and boarded you?   Consider; I know you're a sensible man.   Well, you'd keep your memory; that's so far true; - but the retrospect over recollection's domain   would be, both for heart and for intellect,   what the Swedes call "Mighty poor sport" indeed.   You have nothing either to howl or to smile about,   no cause for rejoicing nor yet for despair,   nothing to make you feel hot or cold;   only a sort of a something to fret over. Peer   It is written: It's never so easy to know   where the shoe is tight that one isn't wearing. The lean one   Very true; I have-praise be to so-and-so! -   no occasion for more than a single odd shoe.   But it's lucky we happened to speak of shoes;   it reminds me that I must be hurrying on; -   I'm after a roast that I hope will prove fat;   so I really mustn't stand gossiping here. - Peer   And may one inquire, then, what sort of sin-diet   the man has been fattened on? The lean one   I understand   he has been himself both by night and by day,   and that, after all, is the principal point. Peer   Himself? Then do such folks belong to your parish? The lean one   That depends; the door, at least, stands ajar for them.   Remember, in two ways a man can be   himself-there's a right and wrong side to the jacket.   You know they have lately discovered in Paris   a way to take portraits by help of the sun.   One can either produce a straightforward picture,   or else what is known as a negative one.   In the latter the lights and the shades are reversed,   and they're apt to seem ugly to commonplace eyes;   but for all that the likeness is latent in them,   and all you require is to bring it out.   If, then, a soul shall have pictured itself   in the course of its life by the negative method,   the plate is not therefore entirely cashiered, -   but without more ado they consign it to me.   I take it in hand, then, for further treatment,   and by suitable methods effect its development.   I steam it, I dip it, I burn it, I scour it,   with sulphur and other ingredients like that,   till the image appears which the plate was designed for, -   that, namely, which people call positive.   But if one, like you, has smudged himself out,   neither sulphur nor potash avails in the least. Peer   I see; one must come to you black as a raven   to turn out a white ptarmigan? Pray what's the name   inscribed 'neath the negative counterfeit   that you're now to transfer to the positive side? The lean one   The name's Peter Gynt. Peer   Peter Gynt! Indeed?   Is Herr Gynt himself? The lean one   Yes, he vows he is. Peer   Well, he's one to be trusted, that same Herr Peter. The lean one   You know him, perhaps? Peer   Oh yes, after a fashion; -   one knows all sorts of people. The lean one   I'm pressed for time;   where saw you him last? Peer   It was down at the Cape. The lean one   Di Buona Speranza? Peer   Just so; but he sails   very shortly again, if I'm not mistaken. The lean one   I must hurry off then without delay.   I only hope I may catch him in time!   That Cape of Good Hope - I could never abide it; -   it's ruined by missionaries from Stavanger.   [He rushes off southwards.] Peer   The stupid hound! There he takes to his heels   with his tongue lolling out. He'll be finely sold.   It delights me to humbug an ass like that.   He to give himself airs, and to lord it forsooth!   He's a mighty lot, truly, to swagger about!   He'll scarcely grow fat at his present trade; -   he'll soon drop from his perch with his whole apparatus. -   Hm, I'm not over-safe in the saddle either;   [A shooting star is seen; he nods after it.]   I'm expelled, one may say, from self-owning nobility.   Bear all hail from Peer Gynt, Brother Starry-Flash!   To flash forth, to go out, and be naught at a gulp -   [Pulls himself together as though in terror, and goes deeper in     among the mists; stillness for awhile; then he cries:]   Is there no one, no one in all the turmoil, -   in the void no one, no one in heaven-!   [He comes forward again further down, throws his hat upon the     ground, and tears at his hair. By degrees a stillness comes over him.]   So unspeakably poor, then, a soul can go   back to nothingness, into the grey of the mist.   You beautiful earth, be not angry with me   that I trampled your grasses to no avail.   You beautiful sun, you have squandered away   your glory of light in an empty hut.   There was no one within it to hearten and warm; -   the owner, they tell me, was never at home.   Beautiful sun and beautiful earth,   you were foolish to bear and give light to my mother.   The spirit is niggard and nature lavish;   and dearly one pays for one's birth with one's life. -   I will clamber up high, to the dizziest peak;   I will look once more on the rising sun,   gaze till I'm tired over the promised land;   then try to get snowdrifts piled up over me.   They can write above them: "Here No One lies buried;"   and afterwards,-then-! Let things go as they can. Church-goers [singing on the forest path].   Oh, morning thrice blessed,   when the tongues of God's kingdom   struck the earth like to flaming steel!   from the earth to His dwelling   now the heirs' song ascendeth   in the tongue of the kingdom of God. Peer [crouches as in terror].   Never look there! there all's desert and waste. -   I fear I was dead long before I died.   [Tries to slink in among the bushes, but comes upon the cross-roads.] The button-moulder   Good morning, Peer Gynt! Where's the list of your sins? Peer   Do you think that I haven't been whistling and shouting   as hard as I could? The button-moulder   And met no one at all? Peer   Not a soul but a tramping photographer. The button-moulder   Well, the respite is over. Peer   Ay, everything's over.   The owl smells the daylight. just list to the hooting! The button-moulder   It's the matin-bell ringing - Peer [pointing].   What's that shining yonder? The button-moulder   Only light from a hut. Peer   And that wailing sound-? The button-moulder   But a woman singing. Peer   Ay, there-there I'll find   the list of my sins - The button-moulder [seizing him].   Set your house in order!   [They have come out of the underwood, and are standing near the hut. Day is dawning.] Peer   Set my house in order? It's there! Away!   Get you gone! Though your ladle were huge as a coffin, it were too small, I tell you, for me and my sins! The button-moulder   Well, to the third cross-road, Peer; but then -!   [Turns aside and goes.] Peer [approaches the hut].   Forward and back, and it's just as far.   Out and in, and it's just as strait.   [Stops.]   No! - like a wild, an unending lament,   is the thought: to come back, to go in, to go home.   [Takes a few steps on, but stops again.]   Roundabout, said the Boyg!   [Hears singing in the hut.]   Ah, no; this time at least   right through, though the path may be never so strait! [He runs towards the hut; at the same moment Solveig appears in the doorway, dressed for church, with psalm-book wrapped in a kerchief, and a staff in her hand. She stands there erect and mild.] Peer [flings himself down on the threshold].   Have you doom for a sinner, then speak it forth! Solveig   He is here! He is here! Oh, to God be the praise!   [Stretches out her arms as though groping for him.] Peer   Cry out all my sins and my trespasses! Solveig   In nought have you sinned, oh my own only boy.   [Gropes for him again, and finds him.] The button-moulder [behind the house].   The sin-list, Peer Gynt? Peer   Cry aloud my crime! Solveig [sits down beside him].   You have made all my life as a beautiful song.   Blessed be you that at last you have come!   Blessed, thrice blessed our Whitsun-morn meeting! Peer   Then I am lost! Solveig   There is one that rules all things. Peer [laughs].   Lost! Unless you can answer riddles. Solveig   Tell me them. Peer   Tell them! Come on! To be sure!   Can you tell where Peer Gynt has been since we parted? Solveig   Been? Peer   With his destiny's seal on his brow;   been, as in God's thought he first sprang forth!   Can you tell me? If not, I must get me home, -   go down to the mist-shrouded regions. Solveig [smiling].   Oh, that riddle is easy. Peer   Then tell what you know!   Where was I, as myself, as the whole man, the true man?   where was I, with God's sigil upon my brow? Solveig   In my faith, in my hope, and in my love. Peer [starts back].   What do you say -? Peace! These are juggling words.   You are mother yourself to the man that's there. Solveig   Ay, that I am; but who is his father?   Surely he that forgives at the mother's prayer. Peer [a light shines in his face; he cries:]   My mother; my wife; oh, you innocent woman! -   in your love - oh, there hide me, hide me!   [Clings to her and hides his face in her lap. A long silence. The sun rises.] Solveig [sings softly].   Sleep you, dearest boy of mine!   I will cradle thee, I will watch thee -   The boy has been sitting on his mother's lap.   They two have been playing all the life-day long.   The boy has been resting at his mother's breast   all the life-day long. God's blessing on my joy!   The boy has been lying close in to my heart   all the life-day long. He is weary now.   Sleep you, dearest boy of mine!   I will cradle thee, I will watch thee. The button-moulder's voice [behind the house].   We'll meet at the last cross-road again, Peer;   and then we'll see whether -; I say no more. Solveig [sings louder in the full daylight].   I will cradle thee, I will watch thee;   Sleep and dream you, dear my boy! - THE END - AT LAST -